What is buddhism Is it a philosophy or a religion Essay

What is buddhism Is it a philosophy or a religion - Essay Example s study on whether Buddhism is a religion or a philosophy putting into consideration some of the theories applied, the history of Buddhism, Buddha – its religious figure and its literature. The paper will not lie on one side of the thesis question i.e. whether Buddhism is a religion or philosophy, but it will evaluate both notions mostly according to Olson’s conclusions on the matter. In the book ‘The Different Path of Buddhism’ Olson starts by first making a quick account of the early Buddhist tradition of how an old woman, friends with the monks, died and the monks were inconsolable. After which Buddha told them the story about kaka Jataka, the crow and the day when one of the crows got very drunk and was swept out to the sea and drowned; he used the story for symbolism where the sea was a metaphor for the suffering associated with life and the crows represented the human beings (Olson 1). Olson says that during this time of Buddhism, Buddha was considered an common man of flesh and blood, and an exceptional fascinating teacher; not a manifestation of divine being. He is best known as an educator, philosopher, and founder of a major world religion; significantly, he is not like other religious figures that were considered to be holy beings like Jesus (Christianity) or Muhammad (Islam). However, like these other religious figures, Buddha gathered a small group of followers who were attracted to his charisma and teaching, but insisted on the creation of a monastic community that shaped those who joined it and influenced Indian culture, and the laity who were necessary for its support (Olson 3). Before the formation of Buddhism, there were only two religious movements in India; the Brahmins – Brahmanical culture and the holy wanderers – Indian culture; notably, the Buddhists supported the holy wanderers and rejected certain ways of the Brahmanical religion but accepted others (Olson 5). Buddhism was later formed from an incorporation of some features

Katie and Rudolfs wedding day Essay Example for Free

Katie and Rudolfs wedding day Essay Rodolfo then narrates a story of the most memorable moment in his life; this also gives away a lot of information about his character. He informs us that he got to perform in a hotel because the entertainer was ill. He boasts about how he sang without a single mistake. This shows us that Rodolfo loves being the centre of attention and is probably a keen romantic. From his speech I also gained that hes the type of person whos not afraid to show his feelings. Rodolfo is then persuaded by Katie to sing for them. Rodolfo isnt hesitant and he gets up and begins to sing. Katie was obviously enjoying it. I got the impression that she really liked him. Eddie then firmly tells Rodolfo to stop singing. This was infuriating to the audience, as Eddie obviously picked up on the fact that Katie liked Rodolfo. Also he was probably jealous of the attention Rodolfo was getting. After all Eddie is used to being the only man around the house and he is used to getting attention off of Katie. Beatrice makes a comment that acquires the audience pondering over whether Eddie fancies Catherine. All through the play Eddie has been trying to stop her from seeing other men or even walking past them, so the audience already had slight suspicions. But Beatrices remark about them not having sex for three months makes the audience wonder even more about whether Eddie has sexual feelings for his niece. Beatrice also asks When am I going to be a wife again Eddie? Which made me feel sorry for Beatrice as she obviously loves him very much and cant grasp why he doesnt love her the same way. This section of the play, backs up any past evidence of Eddie fancying Katie. Rodolfo offers to take Katie to Times Square one evening. Eddie doesnt allow them to go. He seems jealous and probably is, but he attempts to disguise his jealousy as concern for Rodolfos well being. He says its because immigration might catch them, but the audience suspect otherwise. I again felt tremendously irritated by Eddies behaviour. I also think this is when Beatrice picks up on Eddies feelings for Katie. I felt incredibly bothered by Eddies actions in this section of the play, because he punches Rodolfo. He makes a blatant attempt to disguise it as an accident, which was easily done, as he was play fighting with Rodolfo. Marco sees through Eddies attempt and is angry. He cunningly threatens Eddie by lifting up a chair with one hand over his head, this shows his strength, and he then asks Eddie if he can do it. He says it as if to tell Eddie to leave his brother alone, or hell have him to deal with. Eddie tries to lift the chair but doesnt manage it. I think this is the first time in the play Eddie finds it a strain having a stronger male figure in his house. Alfieri is a key character in the play as he is very prophetic and predicts that there will be a tragic outcome. When Eddie visits Alfieri regarding legally preventing Rodolfo seeing Katie, Alfieri advises him to let them be. Eddie is defiant and ignores Alfieris advice and ships Rodolfo and Marco anonymously to immigration.  Immigration arrives at the house and both Rodolfo and Marco are arrested. At this point I felt exceptionally upset as Katie and Rodolfo had found love and Marco was working to feed his family. Eddie had hit a new low, this was unforgivable. Luckily Rodolfo was allowed to stay in the country as he was getting married to Catherine and becoming a citizen. But Marco was going to be sent back, so from this Eddie gained nothing but hatred from his family, as they all suspected and knew it was him. Marco was UN describingly furious with Eddie and threatened to kill him.  Eddie tried to explain his actions to Katie by saying that Rodolfo was trying to use her for a passport. This upset Katie and I was upset for her too. Eddie should not have interfered. The tragic and inevitable ending comes on Katie and Rudolfs wedding day. Eddie does everything in his power to prevent Beatrice from attending her nieces wedding. Rodolfo tries to apologise to Eddie, which I thought was a nice gesture but in my opinion Rodolfo wasnt in the wrong. To that Eddie replies, Its not Rodolfo thats stolen my name, Its Marco He then demands to see Marco. Its at this point in the play where Eddie cracks. Before, he made his feelings known without being too upfront and obvious, but now he seems to erupt like a volcano and makes his hatred for Marco and Rodolfo known. In an attempt to prevent Eddie from locating Marco, Beatrice brings up the subject of Eddies true feelings for Katie. Beatrice knows this is a touchy subject and is certain this is the reason why Eddie has been acting so bizarrely the past couple of months. Eddie is outraged that his wife would think of him like that. He just replies by saying Is that what you think of me, huh? Then rapidly changing the subject back to Marco he storms off in a rage to track him down. Eddie finds Marco and demands Marco apologises to him. Marco refuses and declares that Eddie should be apologising to him. A brawl commences and the tragic ending we had been waiting for, for the duration of the play comes to a head. Marco stabs Eddie in front of several spectators. Despite what Eddie had done Katie still kneels at his frozen body weeping, as does Beatrice. I think this is when you feel most upset for Eddie since although he made a mistake or two, in my opinion he didnt deserve to loose his life for it. I also felt sorry for Beatrice because she lost her husband and also for Katie because she had lost yet another father figure.

Free Admissions Essay - From Farming to Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - From Farming to Medicine    I heard the familiar sound of the back door closing gently. My father was returning from driving his dirty, green John Deere tractor in one of our fields. Although he begins his day at 5:00 a.m. every morning, he usually returns at around 7:00 p.m. I never really questioned his schedule when I was a child, but as I entered high school I wondered how my dad could work so hard every day of the week and still enjoy what he does. He works long hours, becomes filthy from dirt, oil, and mud, and worst of all, can watch all his hard work go to waste if one day of bad weather wipes out our crop. There have been many years when our raisins were rained on, our cherries were hailed on and our apples were literally baked by the sun. The uncertainties of farming are so great and so challenging. It never ceases to amaze me when my father wakes up every morning to start work, that he does so with gusto. The life of a farmer can be laborious and stressful, yet my father continues to do his work with passionate enthusiasm. His dedication and pride mystified me throughout high school. Only after I entered Big U, did I start to understand how he can persevere and face the challenges of farming.    I entered Big U like a small child wandering through a park. Never in my life had I been exposed to anything so grandiose and dominating. Born and raised in a rural town of 3000 people, I wasn't ready for the fast-paced life and crowds of Chicago. I eventually grew into its lifestyle and learned to adapt to my new environment. I found my bio-ethics class, in which we discussed major issues in health care, especially interesting. The physician's dilemma particularly intrigued me: Doing everything to provide the best health care possible, but constrained by limited resources when the funds just are not available.    These frustrating situations place a huge strain on physicians, and yet they persevere and continue to work long hours in hospitals, clinics and HMOs providing the best care they can.* While thoroughly aware of the long hours a physician must work and the challenges he or she faces, I am choosing medicine because of the unique satisfaction it provides - the rewards of helping a sick human being.

Pc Repair Documentation(Sample) Essay

Ronel’s PC Repair lacks an accounting system, thus, profit or loss of the entity cannot be determined. The business is also often close because the owner usually attends home services. There is no business permit Objective of the Engagement To provide the best service available to the community at an affordable price and to have constant growth in sales by designing an accounting system best suited to the business so the operating performance is measured accurately. To help the owner in managing his business by hiring an apprentice To assist the owner in applying business license for his business operation Statement of Facts Personal Market Research by the owner indicates an attractive niche for the services of which PC Repair will take full advantage. The very nature of technological advancement, creates a constant need for businesses skilled in updating and advising customer on computer-related issues Our group has conducted an interview of the owner’s clientele; we’ve found out that 9 out of 10 customers are dissatisfied with other existing repair shop such as electronics repair shop, the one that’s nearest to the owner’s home office, considering the prices that they offer In addition, the owner stated that he will focus mainly on the small business market since the legality of its existence is still questionable since he hasn’t applied for a business permit, and as these customer typically don’t have a full-time IT person, but have full time IT needs Upon observation, there is no assistant employed to help him with the customers especially when he is not around. Moreover, customer are seeking skilled help with everything from installation of software and hardware components, to networking, to transferring files from an old computer to a new one, Findings and Conclusion Since there is no accounting system, determination of profit and loss are impossible because there is no recording of transaction especially for a proprietor who carries volume of transaction. It would be more convenient as a start up to use single entry method to record his transaction. In Single-entry bookkeeping transactions are recorded in registers with most transactions requiring only a single line to record the transaction. Marketing strategy will be implemented as well to promote the growth of the business and eventually hire an assistant to help the owner in managing the business and apply his business permit Recommendation: We recommend the use of Single-entry systems in the interest of simplicity. They are usually less expensive to maintain than double-entry systems because they do not require the services of a trained person. In addition, we will also recommend the owner to hire an assistant to help him; perhaps one of his apprentices before can be hired and to apply his business permit in the near future

Letter of Intent for College of Medicine Essay

I am Emillie Grace D. Tombucon, registered nurse and currently working as a staff nurse of Northern Palawan Provincial Hospital. I am writing you this letter to express my great intent to pursue my Graduate Studies at your esteemed University for the prestigious Medical Course. The University of Perpetual Help- Dr Jose Tamayo Medical University (UPH-DJGT) is my first choice in pursuing my dream. I believe that one of the key ingredients to be a sucessful and effective professional is the right ethical values and beliefs. The strong Christian values inculcated in the quality education of the University inspires me the most in realizing my aspiration to be a good physician. It was my childhood dream to be a doctor. I remembered that my Mom was very proud when I ended my speech in Kindergarden Graduation that it was my dream . Years gone by, I finished my Bachelors Degree in Nursing, my mother want me to continue my studies to Medical School, but I immediately worked both in the clinical and academic field of nursing. I also finished my Masters Degree in Nursing this last April, 2013, but I felt that I need to expand my horizons through continued education. After five years of working as a nurse clinician and educator, I’ve experienced a lot things which contributed to my knowledge, skills and attitude as a proficient nurse and a community servant. I chose to work in government hospital and institutions so that I can serve my fellow Palawenos. Having been exposed to the rural community areas, I’ve learned that there are inadequacies in the health workforce specially in the medical field. I also want to enhance my personal, intellectual and social skills thru the quality education your University offers. Thus I decided to finally realizing my dream and the first step is to enroll in a topnotch learning institution like UPH-DJGT Medical University. It would a great honor to be a part of UPH-DJGT family. I know that I can be a good contribution to the University. Hoping for your kind consideration. Thank you very much and more power!

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Essays

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Essays Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Essay Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour Essay Word count – 2553 Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 1 of 9 Introduction This essay aims to describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self defeating behaviour. To do this I am using the description of Anorexia Nervosa as a self defeating behaviour, one which has far reaching consequences. I will include possible origins, causes and maintenance of Anorexia and describe two of many ways in which a therapist may help with this condition whilst weighing up the strengths and weaknesses of each. Main essay What is self defeating behaviour? Self defeating behaviour could be described as behaviour that when compared to other possible courses of action, it is never the best possible action for that individual. A self defeating behaviour will at some point have been used successfully as a coping strategy to get through a difficult situation. This course of action is then stored in the subconscious by that individual as something that ‘worked’ and therefore the behaviour will be re-produced again in times of perceived trouble. The self defeating behaviour will by its very nature actually serve to ensure that the fear or consequence that the person is trying to avoid will in fact come to pass. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is an eating disorder whose main feature is excessive weight loss and obsessive exercise. A very low weight is achieved which is then maintained abnormally low for the patients age and height. The sufferer develops an intense desire to be thinner and an intense fear of becoming fat. Their body image becomes completely distorted and their body weight and shape become the main or even sole measure of self worth as maintaining an extremely low weight becomes equated with beauty, success, self-esteem, and self-control. It is not seen as a problem by the sufferer. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 2 of 9 Contrary to popular belief this psychological and physical condition is not usually about food. It is a self defeating behaviour used as a way of taking control and trying to make life better and is accompanied by a variety of changes in behaviour, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. The name Anorexia nervosa is somewhat misleading as it literally means nervous loss of appetite. However, for people with this disorder all waking thoughts are dominated by food, weight, and body image and incredible levels of self control are used to fight feelings of intense hunger. http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most often teenage girls. Higher incidence of anorexia is often seen in environments where thinness is deemed to be especially desirable or a professional requirement, such as athletes, models, dancers, and actors. In order to enter the state of Anorexia Nervosa, a person must lose weigh t. The majority set out to do so deliberately because rightly or wrongly they feel that they are too fat. For most people, dieting to lose weight is a struggle. Most dieters cheat or give up before they lose all the weight which they had intended to shed and for those who do reach their intended weight there is a measure of satisfaction and re-education of eating habits which allow them to maintain a healthy weight. In contrast, the soon to be anorexic finds slimming easy, rewarding and something they can be good at from the start, something they can control which brings feelings of success, power and triumph. The sense of satisfaction gained from the suppression of hunger and the level of self denial required to be successful is frequently reported by anorexic sufferers to be very empowering and so here we see how effective this behaviour may be viewed by the sufferer as a coping strategy. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My own experience of this condition was one that arose when my best friend died at the age of 17. I knew for many months prior to her death that death would almost certainly be the outcome of her condition. I felt ‘out of control’ there was nothing I could do to change the course of events. The one thing I could control however was what went into my mouth. This gave me a comforting sense of taking control of something. Something I turned out to be good at, something I could focus on to make all the other uncontrollable feelings subside. Once these feelings arise, a fear of losing control prevents the sufferer from resuming normal eating habits. Their experience is dominated by these feel good feelings of control and power but it is perceived by the sufferer to be precarious and vulnerable and therefore threatened by any behaviour that may cause unwanted weight gain. The sufferers preoccupation with maintaining this new postition begins to distort all other interests, concerns and relationships. In some cases the current position is never enough and weight loss progresses until it becomes life threatening. In most cases it seems that the anorexic starts out with similar behaviour and similar intention to the ordinary slimmer but something goes wrong and the slimming behaviour is inappropriately prolonged (My own experience). Ironically, while Anorexia starts out as a feeling of taking control, it rapidly descends into a fear of losing the control the sufferer perceives themselves to have taken. All the while the condition is actually controlling the sufferer. While the media definitely plays a role in how we view ourselves, anorexia is a way of coping with what’s going on in a teen’s life. Stress, pain, anger, acceptance, confusion and fear can all become triggers for this debilitating eating disorder. The goal is one of trying to make their whole life better. Families can play a huge role. Some families are over protective and smothering which can create a need or rather a demand for independence. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9 Some families are critical of weight gain, academic or sporting accomplishments or are rigid and even abusive. Some younger people do not feel safe in their own homes, they don’t know where to turn or what to do and the need to find a way to deal with what’s going on in their lives. Life transitions such as a break up, a divorce, death of a loved one, failure at school or at work are all stressful incidents that need to be dealt with. Genetic factors can also play its part in contributing anorexia in teenage girls occurs eight times more often in people who have relatives with the disorder. Anorexia – a guide to sufferers and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was grossly overweight at the time of my condition and I viewed her as someone who was completely out of control with no respect for herself. This was a very negative view, one which I could not see in myself at the other end of the spectrum! Effects on families and friends For parents and oth ers who are close to a person who is trapped inside the condition of anorexia, there can seem like there is no escape. It is difficult for them to understand and empathise with self destructive behaviours. It becomes extrememly distressing to see a loved one wasting away whilst refusing offers of food which seem such a tantalisingly simple solution to the problem. Feelings of helplesness and guilt set in, along with frustration, anger and despair. (Quote from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about criticising my ‘ridiculous behaviour’ in a bid to scare me into eating this only served to make me more determined to empower myself with what had turned from self defeating behaviour into self destructive behaviour and ultimately formed a self defeating behaviour in my Mother. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9 Treatment The idea of being ‘cured’ of Anorexia by the sufferer is usually completely undesirable because what that ‘cure’ implies is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are trying to avoid! Therefore, Anorexia has to be acknowledged as a problem by the sufferer before effective treatment can take place. Traditionaly the disorder is treated with a combination of individual psychotherapy and family therapy to look beyond the basic issue of food intake and address the emotional issues that underpin the disorder using a psychodynamic approach. Important ethical considerations It is important for therapists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, although starts out as a self defeating behaviour, it’s consequences lead to many serious medical conditions which can range from malnutrition, loss of concentration and loss of periods to total organ failure and death. Therefore a therapist should never aim to treat the condition alone, but any psychological intervention to treat the underlying causes should take place alongside appropriate medical care. Any therapists working with an anorexic client would always need written medical consent and specialist supervision and should be experienced in this field of work. However, members of the sufferers family and close friends may also benefit from therapy to address any stress, anxiety and guilt surrounding the issue and in the absence of any other contraindications, medical consent for this group would not be necessary. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will view the clients behaviour as being derived from some internal conflict, motive or unconscious force. Once it is discovered where this conflict began the therapist can set about working through those issues to a resolution. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 6 of 9 Generally, it is believed that if behaviours are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then a relapse will occur. During my battle with Anorexia, I was hospitalised and fed to increase my body weight. I ate willingly and was quickly considered cured and discharged from the hospital. However, I had deliberately manipulated the situation with the view that the sooner I could ‘escape’ the quicker I could get back on with the job. Taking control, to bring back the feel good feelings and the sense of empowerment that meant even more to me after having been ‘overpowered’ in the hospital. Clearly this treatment was very ineffective. Later I sought help through a therapist who, using a psychodynamic approach, was able to take me back through the death of my friend and deal with the grief in an appropriate way. This eventually helped me to let go of controlling my food intake as a way of dealing with these suppressed emotions. Behavioural symptoms in the psychodynamic approach are viewed as expressions of the patients underlying needs. Often issues can disappear or lie dormant with the completion of working through these issues. However, a psychodynamic approach to anorexia is not all encompassing. During the recovery process, anorexics will frequently suffer from feelings of panic as they learn to lessen their control. As weight is gained, they will feel anxious much of the time and suffer from low self esteem or perhaps even feel that they are a bad person and have to become a people pleaser to make up for it. Anorexics are very often perfectionists and can be very harsh on themselves. All these things combined can make the process of recovery a very stressful, anxious and self deprecating experience (My own experience). A cognitive behavioural therapy approach may best meet the needs of a client feeling this way. Anorexics are often not fully aware of the initial cause of the condition and therapy may be a way to Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 7 of 9 lift the lid off of buried emotions to enable sufferers to deal with their underlying emotions. During the grip of the disorder the over-riding emotion felt is fear and this fear over rides the bodys natural wisdom around food and eating, the sufferer distrusts themselves and fears that their secret greedy self may emerge and they will lose control completely. The sufferer will hate their secret greedy self and cognitive behavioural therapy would be a valuable tool in rebuilding self trust, improving self esteem, and overcoming fear and anxiety that arises through the process of recovery. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a time-limited and focused approach that helps a person understand how their thinking and negative self-talk and self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT usually focuses on identifying and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, attitudes and beliefs that may perpetuate the sufferers restrictive eating. A researcher in the early 1980’s by the name of Chris Fairburn developed a specific model of CBT to help in the treatment of Anorexia, using the traditional foundations of CBT therapy – helping a person understand, identify and change their irrational thoughts (the ‘cognitive’ part) and helping a person make the changes real through specific behavioural interventions such as promoting healthy eating behaviours through rewards. (http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Strengths and weaknesses It is clear to see that both approaches are somewhat lacking and a multi-model approach should be taken to ensure success. The psychodynamic model will uncover the initial cause of the behaviour and addressing these issues will go a long way toward a successful outcome. However, it does not address the subsequent negative thought processes that keep the sufferer a prisoner within the condition. This is something that a CBT approach can successfully address but a CBT approach could fail to prevent a relapse if the underlying reasons for the negative self talk are not uncovered. Both treatments together will hold more strength in long term success, but neither seeks to address nutritional issues, food related symptoms or deep seated behavioural rituals of the eating disorder. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 8 of 9 Summary Anorexia although initially can be viewed as a self defeating behaviour, is a complicated and mulit-faceted field and I would expect a consistent and long course of therapy that may focus on a psychodynamic approach alongside person centred counselling, alongside cognitive behavioural therapy, alongside appropriate medical intervention. Hypnotherapy may also be used to improve self esteem, reduce stress and anxiety, coping with panic and confidence building to help the sufferer relax levels of control and resume a more healthy relationship with themselves. As the anorexic begins to regain trust in themselves and their body, they can begin to feel back in control of their emotions and thoughts, thus lessening their levels of anxiety and helping toward a successful recovery. Ultimately, the pace of therapy has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before any type of therapy can begin. References: I personally suffered from this disorder from the ages of 17-21 and some of the information used has been based on my own experiences and that of my Parents. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module 5) R. L Palmer – Anorexia Nervosa. A guide for sufferers and their families. Penguin Books 1980 (http://ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa http://psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 9 of 9 any type of therapy can begin. has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before

Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essays

Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essays Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essay Arthur Murray(Ns) Pty Ltd V Fct (1965) 114 Clr 314 Essay Part A (i) the fact arises on Arthur Murray(NS) Pty Ltd V FCT (1965) 114 CLR 314 is that the taxpayer sold prepaid dancing lessons with prepaid fees attributable in part to lessons to be provided in future income years. The commissioner assessed the tax payer on the basis that prepaid fees constituted income derived by the taxpayer when received. The high court concluded that amount received in respect of service to be provided in future years are not earned until the future obligations for which they are paid are discharged. Arthur Murray’s case can be co-related with the given condition of RIP Pty Ltd as the company is providing funeral services which is provided only after the death of client. For this they are receiving money in advance in order to provide future service . that’s why the case is related to Arthur Murray case ii a) The professional people like Doctor, engineer and small business they can access their income in cash basis if their income turnover is up to $ 2 million a year. Section 6 of ITAA 97, Provisions for ordinary income and statutory income are given in s6-5 and s 6-10 in income tax assessment act 1997. Income is derived upon the arising of enforceable debt for taxpayer who carries business of supplying goods. Professional fees for services are derived upon the arising of recoverable amounts during course of carrying business however if the amounts are basically reward for the personal service then the fees are derived upon its reception. The prepayments for goods and services are assessable only when that services or goods are provided. Dividends, wages and salaries are derived when paid and received respectively. Likewise, interest is also derived upon it receipt but if the taxpayer is in the course of lending    business then accrual basis is appropriate. And, all the trading income is derived at the point of sales. (Gilders et. al. 2009). According to Arthur Murray case, income is derived when the service is provided . Relating to RIP Company with Arthur Murray principle, we can say that RIP Company will derive their income only when the service is provided to its client. b) Yes the Arthur Murray principle apply to the company‘s accounting treatment of amounts in funeral plan No 1 and 2. Funeral plan 1 is a fixed price contract and when the agreed amount is paid, the client is guaranteed deluxe funeral arrangement. Under funeral plan 2 company continuously receive installment until the death of the client . however the fund is refundable but only 85% upon the cancellation where as money received is not refundable in funeral plan 1 . On the both plan, the company ultimately receive providing funeral services in the future . if we co-relate their services with the situation of Arthur Murray, we can see that they first receive the money first but provide service later in the future to its client. That’s why Arthur Murray principle is applicable to RIP Pty Ltd. c) Yes the commissioner or any tax payer have a choice in the method of accounting for tax. There are some cases that can be introduced to answer this question briefly. Carden’s case , the judgment of Dixon J , with whom a majority of the court agreed ,stated it was necessary to use the tax accounting methods that would reveal a â€Å"substantially correct reflex of the taxpayer’s true income â€Å". The court concluded it was appropriate to recognize professional income on a cash basis. Similarly Henderson case concluded that partnership should account on an accrual basis for income years after 30 June 1964. Similarly in Fc of T v Firstenberg 76 AT (4141) case, the court stated that where the taxpayer is a professional Sole practitioner, it is appropriate his income to be consider as being cash basis . Imposing the use of accrual basis on a professional sole practitioner would represent unrealistic and un reasonably burden. We can say that if the company is a Pty Ltd or Partnership , the tax payer derives income on accrual basis and if the tax payer is a sole trader then the income should be derived on cash basis (iii) According to sec 6-5(1)(2) Assessable income include according to ordinary concept and if a person is an Australian resident then taxpayer income includes the ordinary income derived directly or indirectly from all sources whether in or out of Australia during the income year . In funeral Plan 1 as there is no policy of refunding, the amount $ 225,000 will be assessable income if the client dies abroad. Where as in Funeral plan 2, the amount $ 4125 will be assessable for tax purpose as there is no one to claim the refund (iv) According to sec 104-150 ITAA 1997 if a person make a capital gain and deposit is more than the expenditure occurred in connection with the prospective sale or other transaction . People make a capital loss if the deposit is less. According to taxation ruling 97/19 Para 7, we can consider that other CGT provision apply with the effect that a forfeited, deposit is assessable as a capital gain in certain circumstances. The amount $16200 paid by defaulting member is consider as capital gain and should be assessable income under sec 104 -150 of ITAA 1997and TR 97/19 . RIP is not incurring any expenses against the forfeited amount paid by default member. Part B I) in simple language , trading is a buying and selling securities or commodities on a short term basis , hoping to make quick profit The term trading stock is defined in section 70-10 of the 1997 Act to include anything produced, manufactured or acquired that is held for purposes of manufacture, sale or exchange in the ordinary course of a business. Trading stock of a mining business comprises those tangible assets that are held for sale in the ordinary course of that business. Caskets and other accessories are acquired by a company to provide their funeral services . these accessories are trading stock for that company without which they cannot provide their services . the amount of $25000 spend by a company for trading stock which is spend to gain accessible income can be claimed for general deductable under sec8 (1) ITAA 1997 . II) according to sec 44(1) ITAA 1936 , shareholder in a company whether the company is resident or nonresident states that the dividend other than that are paid to the shareholder by a company out of profit derived by it from any source is assessable income . Under sec 207 -5 ITAA 1997 , if a corporate tax entity makes a franked distribution to one of its member then as a general rule –amount equals to the franking credit on the distribution is included in the member’s assessable income and the member is entitled to a tax offset that is equal to the same amount of money . Here the cash dividend paid is $ 21000 which is fully franked which means amount is paid after deducting the tax. Total amount before tax can be calculated by multiplying by 30 and dividing by 70. Mathematically 21000*30/70 =30000. Therefore $ 30000 is the company’s assessable dividend. Sec 82 K2MD, ITAA 1936 (Expenses * no. f days of eligible service period) / total no. of days of eligible service period 57000*122/731 =9513 is deductable amount Sec 26-10 ITAA 1997 , you cannot deduct loss or outgoing for long service leave ,annual leave , sick leave or other leave except accrual leave transfer payment that is made in the income year According to thi s case the tax payer had not incurred a loss or outgoing under sc 51(1) in the income year in respect of its employees accrued long service leave and annual leave entitlement unless it is paid in that income year ( Nilsen Development laboratories Pty Ltd ORS V FC of T 81 ACT 4031; (1981)144 CLR 616 . III) Sec 8-1 1997 Act This section provides that â€Å"You can deduct from your assessable income any loss or outgoing to the extent that (a) It is incurred in gaining or producing assessable income or (b) It is necessarily incurred in carrying on a business for the purpose of gaining or producing your assessable income. however you cannot deduct a loss or outgoing to the extent that : (a) It is a loss or outgoing of a capital nature b) It is a loss or outgoing of a private or domestic nature of (c) It is incurred in gaining or producing your exempt income or (d) A provision of this act prevents you from deducting it† A deduction for the capital works under division 43 is based on the amount of construction expenditure, that is, capital expenditure incurred in respect of the construction of those capital works . There are three different types of capital works under sec 43-20 A building or an extension, alteration or improvement to a building Structural improvement or extensio n, alterations or improvement to structural improvement. Capital works being earthworks or extension, alteration or improvement to earthworks if they are constructed as a result of environmental protection activities, can be economically maintained in reasonably good order and condition. AS per above terms and condition, the payment of $250000 of architectural design is a capital work under division 43 so the construction expenditure is deductable under TR 97/25. The taxpayer‘s demolition expenditure is not a capital in nature and therefore is not deductable ie . ec 51(1) of the Act. (Mount Isa Mines Ltd V FC of T 92 ATC 4755;( 1992) 176 CLR 141) Similarly the cost of acquisition of land costing $ 1. 2 m and demolishing expenditure of previous structure amounting $50000 and landscaping costing $ 40000 are not deductable. Sec 40-70(2) ITAA 1997 Calculation of deduction amount of capital expenditure Period of your C E* days used *4%/ 365 sec 43-210 ITAA 1997 The amount $2. 5 m is deductable under the rule. As per the above formula, 2. 5m * 330*4%/ 365 = $90411 is deductable Capital work deduction applies for sealed roads, sealed driveways, sealed car park, bridge, pipelines, retaining walls, fences, concrete or rock dams and sports field. Section 43-20(3)(a) Thus the on-site car park with the amount of $125000 is deductable iv Details | Amount | total| | Assessable income| | | | Profit from last year | | 2450000| | Cash dividend | 21000| | Sec 44 –(1)| imputation| 9000| 30000| Div 207| Total assessable income| | 2480000| | Deduction | | | | Material purchased | 25000| | Sec 70-10| Long service leave | 22000| | Sec 26-10| Rental storage space| 9513| | Sec82 KZMD| Architectural design | 250000| | TR97/25 Para 78| Construction of new premises | 90411| | Sec 43-15| Onsite car parking | 125000| | Sec43-20(3)| Total deduction | | 521924| | Taxable income | | 1958076| | Tax payable 1958076 *30% = 587422 Less tax off set 9000 Total tax payable 578422. 8

Geography Facts of the United States

Geography Facts of the United States The United States of America is one of the largest countries in the world based on both population and land area. It has a relatively short history compared to other world nations, has one of the worlds largest economies, and one of the worlds most diverse populations. As such, the United States is highly influential internationally. Ten Unusual and Interesting Facts to Know About the  US The United States is divided into 50 states. However, state each varies in size considerably. The smallest state is Rhode Island with an area of just 1,545 square miles (4,002 sq km). By contrast, the largest state by area is Alaska with 663,268 square miles (1,717,854 sq km).Alaska has the longest coastline in the United States at 6,640 miles (10,686 km).Bristlecone pine trees, believed to be some of the worlds oldest living things, are found in the western United States in California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. The oldest of these trees is in California. The oldest living tree itself is found in Sweden.The only royal palace used by a monarch in the U.S. is located in Honolulu, Hawaii. It is the Iolani Palace and belonged to the monarchs King Kalakaua and Queen Liliuokalani until the monarchy was overthrown in 1893. The building then served as the capitol building until Hawaii became a state in 1959. Today the Iolani Palace is a museum.Because the major mountain ranges in the United States run in a north-south direction, they have a large impact on the climate of the countrys various regions. The west coast, for example, has a milder climate than the interior because is moderated by its proximity to the ocean, whereas places like Arizona and Nevada are very hot and dry because they are on the leeward side of mountain ranges. Although English is the most commonly spoken language used in the U.S. and is the language used in government, the country has no official language.The tallest mountain in the world is located in the United States Mauna Kea, located in Hawaii, is only 13,796 feet (4,205 m) in altitude above sea level, however, when measured from the seafloor it is over 32,000 feet (10,000 meters) high, making it taller than Mount Everest (Earths tallest mountain above sea level at 29,028 feet or 8,848 meters).The lowest temperature ever recorded in the United States was at Prospect Creek, Alaska on January 23, 1971. The temperature was -80 °F (-62 °C). The coldest temperature in the contiguous 48 states was at Rogers Pass, Montana on January 20, 1954. The temperature there was -70 °F (-56 °C).The hottest temperature recorded in the United States (and in North America) was in Death Valley, California on July 10, 1913. The temperature measured 134 °F (56 °C).The deepest lake in the U.S. is Crater Lake located in Oregon. At 1,932 feet (589 m) it is the worlds seventh deepest lake. Crater Lake was formed via snowmelt and precipitation that gathered in a crater created when an ancient volcano, Mount Mazama, erupted about 8,000 years ago. Sources Genzmer, Herbert, and Christian Schà ¼tz. (2008). Questions and Answers: Countries and Continents. Paragon Publishing: Bath, United Kingdom.Geology.com. (n.d.). Highest Mountain in the World - Tallest Mountain Geology.com. Retrieved from: https://geology.com/records/highest-mountain-in-the-world.shtmlInfoplease. (n.d.). Fifty States and Fifty Fun Facts - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0770175.htmlInfoplease. (n.d.). The World and U.S. Extremes of Climate - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0001382.html

Healthcare Finace Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Finace Review - Article Example This makes it difficult for them to see a doctor as it is estimated that they may only see a doctor once in a year when they are critically ill. This in turn increases the cost of treatment to more than what it could have been had the person sought medical attention at an early stage. (Rannan p62) A paradox of medical cost is that people who can least afford- the uninsured- end up being charged most (Tumulty and San Antonio, 2009). The author of this article was referring to a case where a certain individual had bought a short term health insurance cover and later was diagnosed with renal failure. The insurance company could not settle his bills due to the nature of his illness. He lost his job as he could not continue to work with his condition. Everything he had was getting lost until he had of a certain company that could offer him treatment at low cost in installments. This person could only get federal help once his renal failure was in end stage level. Struggling not to reach end stage failure was not easy but with the unfolding uncertainties and the hope of getting help while nearing his death had made him focus on that as the only chance of survival. This raises the question on whether the government priorities on health are upright. Should healthcare finance focus on when a condition reaches irreversible status to intervene? A fresh look at what has worked before in capacity building, and how agency practices can be improved, to avoid the lip service to capacity building that has unfortunately characterized past activities Although health care is a human a universal right, its provision is at the mercy of policy makers who in most case will be politicians, yet the matter requires more than political will. Identifying ways of approach that will help even the poorest in the society achieve basic health care without the overstretching their earning remains a challenge that cannot be

Alcohol abuse and alcohol disorders Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alcohol abuse and alcohol disorders - Case Study Example Consequently, the nursing care would need to be tailored as appropriate to help the client in such situations. In this assignment, the case scenario of a patient who has been admitted to the surgical area for a cholecystectomy for gallbladder stones will be discussed in that light. This patient is a 45-year-old male with cholelithiasis and cholecystolithiasis with mild hyperbilirubinaemia due to partial obstruction of the common bile duct due to stone. This patient is a known alcoholic, and the idea of admitting him to the hospital is to control his bilirubin levels and sustain his abstinence from alcohol in the hospital ward so the surgery becomes uneventful. Therefore, the nursing management plan will have to be designed which would take care of his problems during the course of his hospital management. The most important health issues during this preparatory phase of the management will be the nutritional care of the patient who has already been compromised from the nutritional po int of view. Literature has delineated the nutritional problems in alcoholics that arise from alcoholic hepatitis and pancreatitis. Moreover, alcohol per se leads to deficiency of vitamins due to poor nutritional intake and compromise in the fat digestion due to abnormal fat metabolism due to pancreatitis. Surgery is a stress situation (Breslow et al., 2006, 359-366). Therefore, for the upcoming surgery, this patient needs to be prepared nutritionally to be able to tolerate this stress. This problem has been compounded by the hyperbilirubinaemia on presentation that tends to aggravate these problems further. Alcoholic hepatic dysfunction and fatty liver both add to the gravity of the problem. From that perspective, one of the core issues would be nursing nutritional management of this patient. The second core issue is related to his habitual alcohol intake that is continuing over years. A sudden stop or abstinence forced or otherwise, would point to the issues related to dependence and problems related to withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms or syndrome, if they appear in the acute form may be potentially problematic, and consequently, the nursing care plan must evolve around this core issue also (Banks et al., 2000, 1249-1254). Care Plan and Related Evidence: Dependence and Withdrawal: Alcohol or ethanol is a sedative anesthetic found in various proportions in liquor, wine, and beer. Alcohol produces a sedative effect by depressing the central nervous system (CNS). This effect causes the individual to experience relaxed inhibitions, heightened emotions, mood swings that can range from bouts of gaiety to angry outbursts, and cognitive impairments such as reduced concentration or attention span, and impaired judgment and memory (Porjesz and Rangaswamy, 2007, 131-141). Depending on the amount of alcohol ingested, the effects can range from feelings of mild sedation and relaxation, to confusion and serious impairment of motor functions and speech, to severe intoxication that can result in coma, respiratory failure, and death. Excessive or long-term abuse of alcohol can adversely affect all

Research Paper ( Fine Art) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

( Fine Art) - Research Paper Example This therefore implies that art is relative and differs greatly with the region either of origin or of representation. The metropolitan Museum in New York therefore stocks artifacts from diverse cultures among the most common of the current exhibits are The Sleeping Eros, Birds in the art of Japan and Plain or Fancy among many others. The above artifacts have unique features that set them apart from the rest. Additionally, the creators of such works employ different artistic features to ensure that the above artifacts communicate effectively and draw the attention from their audiences. Each of the three artifacts has specific placing and draw relevance to specific cultures. However, the modern society is integrated and culture therefore is increasingly difficult to distinct between the different social groupings. This requirement by the modern consumers of art works dictates the use of familiar and modern features that best earn the artifacts familiarity with the modern audience. Owi ng to such features as time and the social stratifications, the different artifacts possess distinctive features, which readily set them apart in terms of both their time of production thus their target audience. The Sleeping Eros for example is an iconic artifact in the museum, one of the oldest and among the finest. Set during the Bronze Age in the human history, the artifact consists of pure bronze. Man had identified a number of metals throughout the evolution history. The discovery of bronze was an integral period in the development of man since with bronze, man could make very strong and durable (Semper and Harry 33). Bronze was therefore the only essential tool man had, he artifact is therefore also made of bronze and set in the early times. The sleeping Eros is a simple artifact, which simply depicts a sleeping male child with curly white hair lying on his left arm but with a wing. The simplicity of the creation makes it easier to understand and is typical of the timing of t he artifact. At such early periods, man had not developed sophisticated features that could influence the development of more sophisticated artifacts. However, in its simplicity owing to the use of bronze, which was arguably easier to manipulate, the artifact conveys complex social features of the early Greek society. The hair of the Eros among other pertinent features sets it to the early Greek culture. Its other intricate features such as the wing and the missing left arm set it in the supernatural world thereby earning it some elements of divinity. Plain or fancy is yet another beautiful artifact, which just as the name depicts a comparison of two iconic artifacts bound into one. It is a painting of two different jugs. One of the jugs is earthen while the other is metallic. The difference between the jugs is conspicuous yet it becomes increasingly difficult to select which is more beautiful. In such a simple creation, the artist manages to conceal his intended meaning in the cont ours of his creation. The relativity in the comparison of the two jugs is also applicable in the analysis of the message that the artist communicates in his artifact (Foster and Judith 51). It is evident that the artifact compares a number of features of both the earthen jug and the metallic one. In the history of man, the use of earthenware was characteristic of the

Sustainability Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability - Assignment Example If the environment is maintained then the well being of each human being shall be observed. However there have been some practices or measures which have been taken and have depleted the environment. The aim of these activities is to gain sustainable development. Sustainable development is a pattern of practices which aim to meet the needs o all human beings while at the same time preserving the environment or the importance of future generations. In attaining sustainable development the environment should be kept safe. Some practices like constructions at sometimes do not promote this sustainable development. There are many arguments supporting sustainable development while at the same time there are others which argue against this method o resource use. Many examples have been illustrated for the arguments and therefore it becomes hard to decide whether it is right or wrong. Arguments against Sustainable Development It has been argued that this is a bad concept to put in practice s ince its effects are unknown. The effects that may result to the ecology or the economy are unpredictable making this concept a dangerous one. Some practices like deforestation are likely to cause many environmental hazards. It may lead to global warming and rise of deserts. With global warming all living things shall be affected by the high or low temperatures. Therefore the consequences of sustainable development are likely to be risky to human lie (Morse 2010, p.80). It has been argued that it is not easy to make use of the environment while avoiding the negative outcomes. Since they will always come then this concept should be avoided (Yang & Sidwell 2005, p.90). It has been argued that the term sustainable development is very vague. This is because when man is to benefit from the environment then there is no point in saying that he will still be conserving the environment for future use. For instance in constructions, the environment is interfered with negatively thus it would be impossible for sustainable development to occur. Some have even argued that this is a spam since it talks of what can be done and not what is really been done. The government policies are supporting this to see to it that the environment is not interfered with to save future generations. It has been further argued that this concept is oxymoron. It will not be possible to make maximum use of the environment now and then you expect in future to make the same use. This is termed as de-growth. Sustainable development will only apply now but in future it will not sine the resources will have been fully exploited thus they will not be in a position to human life anymore. This is wrong concept to be used (Chartered Institute of Building 2009, p.46). This concept has also been argued against since it is not measurable. It is not easy to measure sustainable development. Therefore it will be obvious that the consequences of the same will not be known and this may be a big risk for future g enerations (Yang & Sidwell 2005, p.99). Arguments for Sustainable Development It has been argued that human beings must survive in their own ecology using all the possible means. Sustainable development is therefore a good practice which will make the survival

Analysis of the Film Reader Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of the Film Reader - Research Paper Example The circumstances which surround this affair are what make the situation more complex. The affair lasts for a while but when things begin to get complicated – like the boy becoming more demanding, and the mutual emotional attachment getting deeper, etc. – the woman decides to end the relationship abruptly, not knowing that this would have a deep impact on the boy’s life later on. The woman disappears from the boy’s life and he feels betrayed, but guilty for driving her away, partly blaming himself for allowing their special relationship to just slip away. The story, simply put, is divided into 3 parts – the lead character’s youth, young adulthood, and adulthood. It builds up with flashbacks interspersed in about two-thirds of the film. This is how the viewer is acquainted with the man who is now a lawyer, who was once the boy who figured in the sizzling affair years before. Somehow, at first, it is quite confusing to see the lead character, Michael Berg, looking out the window and then staring at a boy riding the tram. The eye-to-eye connection pointed to the linkage between the older man and his past, and how he cherished the memories he had as a young man. The complexity in the relationship comes out several years later, when, as a law student at Harvard, Michael gets to see the older woman he had a short-lived affair with – Hanna Schmitz – among the defendants in a case who was charged with the deaths of 300 prisoner Jews burned to death in a church. As the case unfolds, Michael gets to deduce the reason Hanna had wanted him to read for her during the time they were together – it was because of her illiteracy. Hanna’s companions connived against her and pointed to her as the one in charge when the case took place, and although she was merely one of the guards, they said it was her who made the report about the incident.

Sustainability Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability - Assignment Example If the environment is maintained then the well being of each human being shall be observed. However there have been some practices or measures which have been taken and have depleted the environment. The aim of these activities is to gain sustainable development. Sustainable development is a pattern of practices which aim to meet the needs o all human beings while at the same time preserving the environment or the importance of future generations. In attaining sustainable development the environment should be kept safe. Some practices like constructions at sometimes do not promote this sustainable development. There are many arguments supporting sustainable development while at the same time there are others which argue against this method o resource use. Many examples have been illustrated for the arguments and therefore it becomes hard to decide whether it is right or wrong. Arguments against Sustainable Development It has been argued that this is a bad concept to put in practice s ince its effects are unknown. The effects that may result to the ecology or the economy are unpredictable making this concept a dangerous one. Some practices like deforestation are likely to cause many environmental hazards. It may lead to global warming and rise of deserts. With global warming all living things shall be affected by the high or low temperatures. Therefore the consequences of sustainable development are likely to be risky to human lie (Morse 2010, p.80). It has been argued that it is not easy to make use of the environment while avoiding the negative outcomes. Since they will always come then this concept should be avoided (Yang & Sidwell 2005, p.90). It has been argued that the term sustainable development is very vague. This is because when man is to benefit from the environment then there is no point in saying that he will still be conserving the environment for future use. For instance in constructions, the environment is interfered with negatively thus it would be impossible for sustainable development to occur. Some have even argued that this is a spam since it talks of what can be done and not what is really been done. The government policies are supporting this to see to it that the environment is not interfered with to save future generations. It has been further argued that this concept is oxymoron. It will not be possible to make maximum use of the environment now and then you expect in future to make the same use. This is termed as de-growth. Sustainable development will only apply now but in future it will not sine the resources will have been fully exploited thus they will not be in a position to human life anymore. This is wrong concept to be used (Chartered Institute of Building 2009, p.46). This concept has also been argued against since it is not measurable. It is not easy to measure sustainable development. Therefore it will be obvious that the consequences of the same will not be known and this may be a big risk for future g enerations (Yang & Sidwell 2005, p.99). Arguments for Sustainable Development It has been argued that human beings must survive in their own ecology using all the possible means. Sustainable development is therefore a good practice which will make the survival

Repsitining for pressure ulcer prevention in Adult (review) Gilles Article

Repsitining for pressure ulcer prevention in Adult (review) Gilles BM,Chaboyer WB,McInnes E, - Article Example The objectives of the article were to; evaluate the outcomes of reposition in relation to prevention of PU, establish the most efficient repositioning schedules to prevent PU, and determine the incremental resource consequences and expenses connected with putting into practice various repositioning routines compared with alternating routines or standard practice. The author of the article has clearly stated the purpose of carrying out the research. The general purpose of the research was to examine effectiveness of repositioning as a technique to prevent PU. This condition occurs most to elderly patients who has reduced level of mobility. Another aim of the research was to establish a schedule that is most efficient to prevent the occurrence of PU. In addition, the researcher wanted to find out the incremental consequences on resources and costs associated with putting into practice a variety of repositioning regimens compared with alternating regimens or standard practice. This study was important because pressure ulcers has always remained a big problem to aged patients who spent most of their time at one point for instance on the hospital bed. The article has clearly highlighted how repositioning is useful to prevent development of Pus, which are very painful to the victims. The study is relevant and highly applicable to prevent pressure ulcers because they are painful, distressing, and dangerous to life through causing sepsis, infection, and sometimes death. Repositioning is an essential element of pressure ulcer prevention and management; it has a sound theoretical underlying principle, and is extensively suggested and applied in practice. The qualitative research method that was applied in this research was appropriate in addressing the research objective because it aimed to gather into depth information about how pressure ulcers occurs and how repositioning can be

EVOS Office Essay Example for Free

EVOS Office Essay The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 is considered as the worst environmental challenge that the state of Alaska has faced over the years. The incident led to the spillage of around eleven million gallons of oil from the Exxon Valdez tanker which immediately affected the immediate environment which resulted to the ecological imbalance within the water system affecting marine life and the loss of thousands of sea birds that dwell in the area. (â€Å"Crude Awakening,† 2008) Since the incident, Exxon Mobil has tried to resolve the problems and the impending threats and risks that come with the spread of oil within the water system by transforming the mission of the company as it inches forward to alleviate the effects of the oil spill. The mission of Exxon Mobil is to keep up with the growing demand for energy all over the world by providing and facilitating the abundance of oil and gas resources under the dimensions of financial stability, the adaptation of technological innovations, and efficiency and superiority in presenting the goods and services of the company. (Exxon Mobil, 2008a) To strengthen the position of the company in terms of social responsibility, it upholds the highest standards of ethical conduct by implementing principles that meet the conditions of ethics and morality. The guiding principles that Exxon Mobil observes are defined for both the internal and external members of the organization. Exxon Mobil acknowledges the role of stakeholders in the success of the company by working on improving products and services to ensure the return of investment and financial stability. For the company’s consumers, Exxon Mobil undertakes the responsibility of satisfying them, despite diversity or varied preferences. Aside from the company’s consumers, Exxon Mobil also follows guiding principles in handling employees. The company strives to sustain a highly competitive pool of staff, personnel, or employees by hiring, recruiting, and looking after the needs and demands of able individuals who meets the mission, goals, and objectives of the company. To enhance corporate social responsibility, Exxon Mobil observes practices that are geared towards satisfying the expectations of communities. Exxon Mobil assures society of their will to become a valuable asset of the community by adhering to and respecting laws, whether domestically or internationally, and consider the multicultural diversity at all times. (Exxon Mobil, 2008b) Due to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the company has worked towards transforming the mission statement of Exxon Mobil by incorporating other goals or objectives to address the problems brought about by the incident. Apparently, the company established the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council following the incident that damaged the ecological environment in Alaska. The mission statement of the council constitutes the determination of the company to re-establish the natural environmental conditions of the immediate location of the situation under the dimensions of the desirable quality of life based on set standards of living. (â€Å"Restoring the Resources,† 2004) Exxon Mobil’s focus included the mission of addressing environmental concerns that will lead to the restoration of the ecosystem in Alaska. The company exerts time, effort, and resources in conducting research, establishing plans for restoration, monitoring the progress or changes in the environment, providing reimbursements as payments for damages and other costs caused by the oil spill, working on the establishment of means of protecting the habitat or ecosystem in the area, and such. (NOAA, 2008) Overall, the oil spill in 1989 caused Exxon Mobil to become aware of the effects and influences of the incident to the environment. Since then, it has included in its mission not only the restoration of natural environmental conditions in Alaska, but the continued protection of environmental systems not only in the area but all over the world as well. References â€Å"Crude Awakening. † (2008). Retrieved November 23, 2008, from The International Bird Rescue Research Center. Website: http://www. ibrrc. org/Exxon_Valdez_spill_1989. html Exxon Mobil. (2008a). What We Do. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Exxon Mobil. Website: http://www. exxonmobil. com/Corporate/about_what. aspx Exxon Mobil. (2008b). Guiding Principles. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Exxon Mobile. Website: http://www. exxonmobil. com/corporate/about_operations_sbc_principles. aspx NOAA. (2008). About NOAA Fisheries’ EVOS Office. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service. Website: http://www. fakr. noaa. gov/oil/ â€Å"Restoring the Resources. † (2004). Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Website: http://www. evostc. state. ak. us/Universal/Documents/Publications/AnnualStatus/2004AnnualReport. pdf

Free Surface Energy of Polymers

Free Surface Energy of Polymers Free surface energy of polymers. Poly(itaconate)s and poly(methacrylate)s Ligia Gargallo1, Claudia Aguirre2, Angel Leiva2, Deodato Radic Abstract: The free surface energy (SE) for a series of mono and diesters derived from poly(itaconic) acid, was determined by wettability measurements and estimated by theoretical calculations from Sugden’s Parachor. For these polymers it was observed a decreaseing in the free surface energy as the size of the chain of the alkyl groups in monoitaconates and diisoalkylitaconates increases. However, it did not allow to get values of the free surface energy comparable with experimental values, exception was for poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poly(3-chloropropyl diitaconate) where the experimental and theoretical variation was comparable. It means that the Sugden method match well for these polymers. Additionally, it was determined the free surface energy for some polymers from poly(methacrylic acid) derivatives, specifically poly(phenyl methacrylate)s (PPhMA). For these systems a decreasing in the free surface energy is observed, when a fluorine atom was introduced into the p henyl group. In general there was not a good correlation between experimental values and those estimated through the theoretical calculations. The influence of polymeric film thickness and topography on the determination of contact angle was studied for poly(phenylmethacrylate)s. The results show that the film thickness to determine contact angle must be over 254 A °. 1. Introduction In general it is very well known that due to the lack of surface mobility, the surface tension of a solid phase is too different to a liquid phase. So that, it is not possible to measure directly the surface tension of a solid phase, as it is the case of a liquid phase. It had been used several independent approximations to estimate the surface tension on a given system surface solid, being the measurement of contact angle the most practical way[1-11 ]. The surface of a solid, as well as of a liquid, has an additional free energy, but due to this lack of mobility in the surface of solids this energy is not possible to measure directly. [12] It means that the free surface energy can be estimated by wettability measurements in an indirect way, as shown in Figure 1. [13,14] An approximation to estimate the surface energy of solids is based on the interpretation of contact angle of sesil drop. Figure 1. Sesil drop over a solid surface. The arrows represent the surface energies when they are explained like forces of surface tension. From the schematic representation on Figure1, and considering the equilibrium state, the Young’s equation is obtained. This equation establishes a relationship between the contact angle and the three surface tensions: (2) where: ÃŽ ¸ is the contact angle, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §s à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is the surface energy of solid-vapor interface, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §sl is the surface energy solid-liquid interface and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §l the surface energy at liquid-vapor interface. The dispersion force and polar contribution to SE, ÃŽ ³d and ÃŽ ³p, respectively, can be calculated by using the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble method. [15-17] The aim of this work is to obtain information about the free surface energy of several polymers with different chemical structures and various side chains. It was also interesting to clarify the inflence of the thickness and topography of the film in the determination of the SE of the polymeric systems studied. 2. Experimental Synthesis and characterization of poly(diisoalkylitaconate)s, poly(monoitaconate)s and poly(methacrylate)s Diisoalkylitaconates were obtained by conventional acid catalyzed esterification of itaconic acid using sulphuric acid in toluene and the corresponding acohols. [18-20] Monoitaconates were obtained by reaction of itaconic acid with the respective alcohols under fairly acidic conditions according to the method described by Baker et al., [21,22] for lower monoesters. Methacrylates were prepared by reaction of methacryloyl chloride with the appropriate alcohols in toluene solutions and N.N-dimethylaniline at reflux temperature during 24 h. Purification of the monomers was achieved by distillation under reduced pressure (0.5 mm Hg) as previously reported [23,24] for diitaconates and methacrylates. Purification of monoitaconates were achieved by repeated crystallization from toluene. The monomer structures and purity were confirmed by 1H-NMR and infrared spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (FT-IR). Polymerization was achieved in bulk at 340 and 350 K, depending on the monomer, using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator under N2 (polymerization time 48-60 h; conversion 70%) for diitaconates, 48 h for monoitaconates; yield 35% and 10-3 w/w % of AIBN in benzene solution under vacuum in the case of methacrylates (polymerization time, 48 h; conversion 65%). Preparation of Polymeric films. Films of poly(monoitaconate)s and poly(diitaconate)s were prepared by evaporation of dilute solutions (0,05 g/dL) in tetrahydrofuran (THF), over the glass and silicon wafer plates. Poly(metacrylate)s were prepared from dilute solutions 0.05 g/dL in chloroform. Contact angle measurements Surface free energy. The total surface energies of the polymers were determined by wettability measurements with water, diiodomethane and ethyleneglycol. Polymers films were cast onto glass slides for optical microscopy and silicon wafer. The cast films were dried for 30 min at 393 K. The wettability of the polymer films was determined by contact angle measurements. Contact angles were measured using a contact angle system OCA by Dataphysics with a conventional goniometer and high performance video camera, controlled by SCA20 software. A syringe connected to a Teflon capillary of about 2 mm inner diameter was used to supply liquid into the sessile drops from above. A sessile drop of about 0.4-0.5 cm radius was used. The contact angles were measured carefully from the left and right side of the drop and subsequently averaged. These procedures were repeated for six drops of each liquid on three new surfaces. All reading were then averaged to give an average contact angle. All experiments were performed at room temperature. Determination of polymeric film thickness by ellipsometry. Optical Assembly. The ellipsometer used has a polarizer, a compensator, the sample, an analyzer and a detector. The light source comes from He-Ne laser whose wavelength is 632.8 nm, that fall onto the sample with an angle of 60.65 °. The analyzer remains fixed at an angle of 24.256 °, and the polarizer is mechanically adjusted so that the detector does not record any signal. Silicon wafers (Silicon doped with Boron crystalline plates) were used as substrates. Pieces of 12 x 12 mm were used. The most important characteristic of these substrates, are the refractive index of silicon of 3.877 + 0.019 [25, 26] and the refractive index of PPhMA was 1.5706 [27]. Substrates were also properly cleaned and dried, being their typical polarization angle between 43.8 and 43.9 °. Preparation of films of poly(phenylmethacrylate). The film of PPhMA was prepared by evaporation of the polymeric solution in chlorform over the silicon wafer. In order to get different films thickness of PPhMA, different concentration of the polymeric solutions were used. Concentrations were 0.05 g/dL, 0.10 g/dL, 0.20 g/dL, 0.30 g/dL and 0.40 g/dL. Estimation of film topography. Morphological analysis of surface films of poly(phenylmethacrylate) were done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A film of PPhMA of 94  ± 10 Ã… thickness was prepared from a solution of 0.05 g/dL in chloroform and deposited over a silicon wafer as substrate. 3. Results and Discussion. Polymers studied in this work were mono and diesters from poly(itaconic) acid, and additionally some polymers from poly(methacrylic) acid were also studied. The sixteen polymers studied are shown in scheme 1. Surface free energy was determined by measuring the contact angles (CAs) of water, ethyleneglycol and diiodomethane on the polymeric surfaces. The dispersion ÃŽ ³d and polar ÃŽ ³p contributions were calculated by the Owens, Wendt and Kaelble methods. [15,16, 28,29] The results obtained by wettability measurements of polymeric systems studied are summarized in Tables 1 to 4. In the same tables are the surface energy calculated from Sudgen ´s parachor (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ § =(Ps/V)4) for the same polymers. In the case of poly(diisoalkyl itaconate)s it can be seen that the number of methylene groups increases the lateral chain, the calculated surface energy values decreases. This is a normal behavior because the hydrophobicity of the polymer must increase. However, it did not allow to get experimental values that present this behavior. As it is important to consider the possible errors on the determination of SE values due to the effects of the roughness and at the same time the thickness on adsorbed polymers. For this reason the film thickness was studied to clarify its influence on the measurement of contact angle. Mono esters of poly(itaconic) acid Diesters of poly(itaconic) acid Poly (methacrylic) acid Scheme 1 In order to get films with different thickness the concentration of the solution of poly(phenylmethacrylate), PPhMA, was modified. Thicknesses and topography of the films were measured by ellipsometry on silicon wafer substrates. It was found a good linear correlation between film thickness and polymer concentration. (Regression coefficient R=0.98955). Surface free energy of substrates used was also determined in order to obtain this information to perform appropriate comparison of the results dealing with this polymer. The film thickness determination for PPhMA was made on silicon wafer, and on a glass plate. The surface free energy values in both substrates were compared. Table 5 shows surface free energy values found for PPhMA in these substrates. Topography of the surface of PPhMA film at a thickness of 94 A ° was studied by SEM micrography. It was found that the polymer is homogenously distributed on the silicon wafer substrate, showing a surface with regular porosity. This demonstrates that PPhMA film whose thickness is 94 Ã…, the surface is not completely cover and it produces in the measurement of the contact angle non reproducible values, due to the liquid will penetrate itself within the holes. Determination of surface free energy for PPhMA was performed at different film thickness. It was observed that for films thickness of PPhMA greater than 24513 A º there is a better reproducibility in the values of contact angle obtained. The SE values are shown in Table 6. 4. Conclusions Poly(monoitaconate)s with large lateral chains as poly(monodecylitaconate) and poli(monododecylitaconate), it was found that the surface free energy decreases as the length of the alkyl group increases. It allows concluding that the polymer increases its hydrophobic character, as its lateral chain increases. It is in agreement with its chemical structure. The surface free energy calculated through the Parachor parameter, for the poly(monoitaconate)s studied, decrease as the lateral chain increases its size. The estimation of surface free energy for the poly(diisoalkyl)itaconates, through Parachor, allows observing a decrease in the surface free energy for polymers, as the length of lateral chain increase; that is direct relation with the experimental work done. However, this work does not allow getting surface free energy values for those polymers comparable with the experimental value. The theoretical method of Sugden was not adequate to estimate those measurements. For polymers poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poli(3-chloropropyl itaconate), the variation of experimental and theoretical surface free energy was slight. It will imply that Sugden method is well fitted for those polymers. The study of surface free energy for poly(phenylmethacrylate)s shows that the introduction of a fluorine atom at phenyl group generates a decrease in its surface free energy. For poly(phenylmetacrylate), the results showed the film thickness, needed to determinate the contact angle, need to be higher than 24513 AËÅ ¡. The difference in the measurement of surface free energy between those experimentally determined and those estimated since Parachor, are related to the complexity of the monomeric structure. It is likely that the volume of each group or atomic unit would be influenced by interactions of neighbor atoms within the monomeric unit. Therefore calculations of surface free energy based on the table of structural contributions of Sugden’s Parachor would not fit at the experimental values. Acknowledgements. DR and AL. thanks to Fondecyt 1120091 for parcial finantial support. References [1] T. Rabockai Fà ­sico-Quà ­mica de Superficies, Ed. The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States Washington, D.C., Brazil, (1979). [2] M. Dà ­az Peà ±a, M., Quà ­mica Fà ­sica, Vol. II, cap.25. (1976). [3] R. A. L.Jones, R. W. Richards, Polymers at Surfaces and Interfaces, Ed. Cambridge University Press, U.K., (1999). [4] W.A. Zisman, Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Advances in Chemistry Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., Volume 43, (1964). [5] K. Ma, T. Chung, R. Good, Surface energy of thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters and polyesteramide. J. Polym. Sci.: Part B 36,(1988) 2327-2337. [6] O. Driedger, AW Neumann, PJ Sell; Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion. Kolloid-ZZ. Polymere, 201 (1965), p. 52J. Kolloid-Z Z Polym. 52, (1965) 201, [7]A.W. Neumann, R.J. Good, C.J. Hope, M.J. Sejpal, Colloid Interface Sci., Physico-chemical surface characterization of hyaluronic acid derivatives as a new class of biomaterials Colloid Interface Sci. 49,(1974) 291-302 [8] Spelt K., Li, D. In A. W. Neumann, J. K. Spelt, Eds., Applied Surface Thermodynamics; Marcel Dekker: New York, pp. (1966) 239-292. [9] D.K. Owens, R.C. Wendt, Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13, 1741-1747 (1969). [10] C.J. Van Oss, K. Chaudhury, R. Good,. Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals and Polar Interactions in Macroscopic Systems J. Chem. Rev., 88 (1988), 927-941. [11]. A. Kwok, A. Li, A. W. Neumann., Low-rate dynamic contact angles on poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate, 30/70) and the determination of solid surface tensions. J. of Polym. Sci., Part B: Polymer Physics, 37,(1999) 2039-2051). [12] Van Krevelen D. W., Properties of Polymers, their estimation and correlation with Chemical structure, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Chap. 8, (1976) [13] L. Makkonen, On the methods to determine surface energies, Langmuir, 16, (2000) 7669–7672. [14]L. Gargallo, D. RadiĆ¡, Structure/Surface energy relationships of polymers. Current Trends in Polymer science 6 (2001)121-133. [15] A. Rudawska, E. Jacniacka, Analysis for determining surface free energy uncertainty by the Owen–Wendt method International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 29, 2009, Pages 451–457 [16] M. J. Owen Surface tension of polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35 (1988) 895–901 [17] D. K. Owens, R. C. Wendt. Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13, (1969) 1741-1747 [18] J.M.G. Cowie, I.J. McEwen, J. VeliÄ koviĆ¡Dynamic mechanical spectra of poly(itaconic acid esters) containing phenyl and cyclohexyl rings. Polymer , 16 (1991) 869-872. [19] D. RadiĆ¡, C. Daà ±in, A. Opazo, A., L. Gargallo, Functionalized Polymers 1. poly(dichloroalkyl itaconate)s. Synthesis and Solution Properties. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 58,(1992) 209-213 [20]D. RadiĆ¡, L. Gargallo, Synthesis, Solution behavior and reactivity ratios of vinylpyrrolidone-co-monoalkylitaconate and vinylpyrrolidone-co-dialkylitaconate, Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 817-825 [21] B.R. Baker, R.E.. Shaub, G.H. Williams, Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic Acids. Aguide to current common practice, G. Tojo, M. Fernandez Springer, J. Org. Chem., 17, (1952) 122-125. [22] L. Gargallo, D. Radic ´, A. Leà ³n, Polymer conformation and viscometric behavior 3. Synthesis, characterization and conformational studies in poly(mono-n-octyl itaconate) Makromol. Chem. 186, (1985) 1296. [23]. Burtle, J. G., Turek, W.N. J. Org. Chem., 19, 1567 (1954). [24]. L. Gargallo, M.I. Muà ±oz, D. RadiĆ¡, Polymer conform,ation and viscometric behavior 1. Conformational transition in poly(benzylmethacrylate) in dilute solution Polym. Bull. 10, (1983) 264-270. [25] Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed., Ed., David R. Lide (CRC, Boca Raton), (1999). [26] Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Ed. Robert C. Weast and Melvin J. Astle (CRC, Boca Raton), (1985). [27] Brandrup J., Immergut E.H. Polymer Handbook, Third Edition, Ed. John Wiley sons, New York, (1989). [28]L. Gargallo, D. Vargas, N. Becerra, C. Sandoval, C. Saldà ­as, A. Leiva, D. RadiĆ¡, Supramolecular structures. Organization and Surface behavior at interfaces, Macromol Symp., 278, (2009) 80-88. [29]C. Saldà ­as, L. Gargallo, C. Sandoval, A. Leiva, D. RadiĆ¡, J. Caballero, M Saavedra, F. Gonzà ¡lez-Nilo, Polymer 50 (2009) 2926-2932. Table 1. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(diisoalkylitaconates)s Table 2. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(2-chloroethyl diitaconate) and poli(3-chloropropyl diitaconate) Table 3. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(monoitaconate)s Table 4. Surface free energy (SE) of poly(phenylmethacrylate)s Table 5. Surface free energy for substrates Table 6.Values of the surface free energy for poly(phenylmethacrylate) at different film thicknesses 1

Serial Killer Essay -- Psychology, Mental Illness,

Chapter Two: Definition of a Serial Killer Serial killers are people who kill three or more victims over a period of more than thirty days with a cooling off period between each murder. Their murders usually have some of the same characteristics. People who kill for fun usually have some type of mental illness. Their crimes could have maybe been prevented if their diseases were treated in time. The disease of psychopath is the least treated. Some killers often plead not guilty by reason of insanity. It needs to be proven, though, that they did not know the difference between right and wrong. Even if a killer is found not guilty by mental deficit, he/she cannot go free. There are three categories of serial killers: Organized Killers, Disorganized Killers and Medical Killers. Organized killers are the hardest killers to catch because of their intelligence and organization. Every detail of their murder is planned out and they make sure to leave no evidence left behind. They often will watch their victims for several days before they trick them into leaving with them. They take great pride in their â€Å"work† and pay close attention to the stories in the media. Disorganized killers rarely plan out the murders in their victims. They strike at random whenever an opportunity arises. They tend to move from town to town and do not take the precautions to cover up their tracks. They usually have low IQ’s and are antisocial. Disorganized killers do not usually have close friends or family. The Medical Killer is extremely rare but there have been cases where people have carried out their serial murders through medicine. One such individual was Harold Shipman which I will go into further detail later in this thesis. They feel they have the pe... ...ortable killing on their driving routes. There has been a serial killer police officer who was named John Gerard Schaefer. He lived in Florida. While he was in his squad he would kidnap teenage girls, tie them to trees, go back to work and after he clocked out, returned to rape and kill them. His alibi was always â€Å"I was at work when they disappeared† (Brown, 2003). Many serial killers suffer from anti-social personality disorder or dissocial personality disorder. They are also psychopathic, meaning they have no empathy or guilt. They kill impulsively and they make up rules for themselves which are they only rules they follow. They have a â€Å"Mask of Sanity† meaning they never let anyone but their victims see their true selves. They also have resentment towards society for their own failings and can never take responsibility for their own actions.

The Shackled Continent

1. What are the key themes of the book and what is the author’s opinion on them? The Shackled Continent is a lively, engaging and ultimately hopeful book about Saharan Africa written by Robert Guest. The author analyses the question why Africa still is so poor and reflects the problems in this region like poverty, disease, war, corruption†¦ and it is enlivened by the stories and encounters that he recites, and by the idea, that things need not be this way forever.There are differences of culture and history in these different countries, but again there are similarities of experience that marks out much of the post-colonial period. Corruption is endemic, poverty everywhere, wars are brutal and never-ending, and AIDS daily saps at the lives of people. The author criticises the failure in leadership of most African countries and reflects that Africa still needs to go a long way to improve, but at the end, it will prosper. 2. What did you find interesting in the book? Why?Hon estly I found The Shackled Continent a very interesting book and could not say exactly how much I liked a particular part better than the others, and I've always wanted to know what exactly is happening in this region of the world, which do not stop watching unpleasant images on television and read in newspapers chilling news. But I always wanted to go into this subject without the influences of the media, explained by someone who has experienced firsthand. So if I have to stay with any part of the book, I get the answer that gives the author about the principal African problem.Guest argues it is because African governments have been either rigidly authoritarian or riven by corruption and tribalism. Governments have been wedded to central planning and consequently have failed to develop. Freedom, political and economic, has been denied to millions, and local elites have prospered as their populations have suffered. I'll stick with this idea, as it was one of my concerns before readi ng this book, and now it helps me to understand the problem. 3. What questions would you like to ask the author (at least 3)? Really socialist tendencies of African governments still hobble African economies? -It’s true that aid can help, but it’s always government economic policies and administration that dictates success or failure? -Why developed countries do not more to eradicate the AIDS virus in this region of the world? Can there be any kind of interest behind? 4. Can you suggest solutions to the problems/issues covered by the author? Personally I have some ways to solve the problems described by the author, but I don’t know if could be done someday.To combat poverty, developed countries could do more awareness campaigns for people to make financial contributions of more importance. I'm sure if everyone only donate one euro, things could be better in Africa. The same with the disease. It should be made more drugs collection in wealthy countries to be allo cated in this region. These countries could donate a large scale, as I'm sure they can do it. To fight wars and corruption, developed countries should take a greater role, and send troops if necessary to calm the situation and to monitor and prevent any kind of corruption that can take place in this region.I know that these proposals are not easy to apply, but if we all could agree, I think we could do it. 5. Is there anything you disagree with the author about? We could say that I’m totally agreed with the author of the book, since I haven’t enough knowledge about it to argue with the author. But if I were to argue something to the author, the statement would be made on farmers. Guest said that farmers without credit can’t buy seeds or fertilizer to make the best use of their land. I’m not agreeing with this because I think there must be some kind of subsidy or support from the State to these farmers.I don’t know exactly, because I haven’t a lot of knowledge about that, but I think it would be possible. Another thing is that in the conclusion, the author says something like many Africans say that Africa's problems are another’s country's fault (e. g. USA or European Union), and he disagree with that, but I think that in some way Africans are right, at least in the fact with this trade barrier story. 6. Have you learned anything from the book that helps you to understand the world?Reading this book has helped me to take off my blindfold and understand once and for all what is happening in Africa. That wonderful continent that both can offer and how it seems to be forgotten. I have updated all the injustices that take place on this continent, and the deaf that developed countries are doing about it, and it has helped me to sensibly more with this topic. Reading these kind of books, you realize that people only care about themselves and ignore what is happening behind the barriers of their respective countries.Lif e can be wonderful in developed countries, but we must be aware that there are people who are not as fortunate as us, who live a daily hell and that many of them are alone. We also can help. We must help. 7. Is there anything in the book which you can relate to the degree you are studying? I am studying Business Administration and Management, and I think it's always good to know what is happening in the world and why it is happening, and not just relate to the degree you are doing, but as general culture.With this reading I learned the forms of government in this region and also the type of resources available and inquire into their economies. Now I know that's what a country needs to do to improve and that is what we must avoid to sink. I think all students should read these books to enrich their knowledge and expertise to take are as important or more that you learn in college. Because that's the real world, the world that tomorrow we face.

Developing Negotiation Case Studies

While a great deal of excellent advice exists for producing case studies on managerially relevant topics in general, negotiation cases have distinctive aspects that merit explicit treatment.This article offers three types of tailored advice for producing cases on negotiation and related topics (such as mediation and diplomacy) that are primarily intended for classroom discussion: 1) how to decide whether a negotiation ­related case lead is worth developing; 2) how to choose the perspective and case type most suited to one’s objectives; and 3) in by far the longest part of the discussion, ten nuts and bolts suggestions for structuring and producing an excellent negotiation case study.Suppose you read about, participate in, or otherwise become aware of a negotiation that intrigues you as a possible candidate for a case study. Perhaps a student, colleague, participant in an executive program, or private client suggests such an episode. You may consider researching and writing u p the case yourself or you might supervise someone else for this purpose. Should you proceed with an investment of your scarce time and resources? If so, how?What’s the best casewriting advice you can give to a research assistant, a student (team) grappling with a course assignment to produce a case study, or someone else who is simply interested in writing up a negotiation for discussion purposes? ii Generations of experienced, even legendary, casewriters have codified guidelines for producing excellent case studies on virtually any subject. iii Yet negotiation cases often have distinctive aspects that merit explicit treatment.Over the years, I’ve found myself in many conversations trying to crystallize and convey the elements that seem to contribute to crafting superior negotiation cases. I hope that pulling these insights together and developing them a bit more systematically will be useful for others undertaking casewriting projects. A quick caveat: though casewrit ing is often properly part of a larger research program, and synergistic with other methodologies, I focus here on case studies that are mainly intended as vehicles for classroom discussion and analysis.As such, I sidestep important issues associated with systematically selecting and developing cases for well- defined research projects. For example, in the field of international relations, which thrives on case studies, the â€Å"method of structured, focused comparisons† is a research staple. iv More generally, exacting criteria exist for identifying, developing, comparing, and Draft: Developing Negotiation Case Studies. Copyright  ©2010 by James K. Sebenius. 1 contrasting case studies in order to extract valid inductive social scientific knowledge. However, I leave that set of considerations for specialists with casewriting as a component of well-defined research agendas. vi The following sections offer three types of advice for producing cases that are primarily intended for classroom discussion: 1) how to decide whether a case lead is worth developing; 2) how to choose the perspective and case type most suited to your objectives; and, 3) in the by far the longest part of the discussion, ten nuts and bolts suggestions for structuring and producing an excellent case study.One of the best ways to learn the casewriter’s craft is to study a number of truly excellent case studies, or better, to discuss such cases in a forum led by an experienced case method instructor. As such, in each of the three advice sections that follow, I’m tempted to list a number of my favorite negotiation cases as models.Since, however, these choices may be unfamiliar to many readers, and may be set in times, places, or contexts of little interest to others, I will instead offer a set of model cases, plus commentary, in an online forum in the hope that others will consult, comment, and contribute. (See online url to be provided later. ). I. Advice on developing a prospective case: a case for what? A case of what? Start by seeking clarity on your overall purpose: â€Å"a case for what? †