Concept of Six Competencies in Organization

Biomedical Enterprise Program Essays

Biomedical Enterprise Program Essays Biomedical Enterprise Program Paper Biomedical Enterprise Program Paper Every person has a distinct definition of success that differs from the perspective of others. For some, success is a word that is closely attributed to being famous and earning a lot of money; for others, it is a word used to having a high position in the company that they are working for. Personally, I define success as being able to accomplish what is tasked of me and at the same manner, being able to contribute to the society in my own little way. The lesser the fame, the better. This sounds surreal, but it is true. As I enter the Biomedical field, I certainly believe that I will be more helpful and of service to mankind and the society. You see, the world is fastly growing and the technology is always up to date. Medications and the diseases are also being up to date with the circumstances that are happening to us. With this, there is a big demand in the number of employees being hired by the companies together with the high demand for cure. I, for one, believe that choosing the Biomedical Enterprise as my field of expertise would not only help me grow as a person, but will also help me to hone and grow my abilities and talents to its best. Being in this field does not mean that you have to be a specializing doctor or an immediate member of the health care team. All one person needs is a little background of the medical terminologies, the basics of physiology and some knowledge in pathophysiology. When given the chance to practice this specific field, I plan to do some researches on the economic status of the services and the medications that are being rendered in the United States. After a careful analysis of the problems, I plan to apply the basics that I have learned in the course to promote good health relations with the country, and soon with the whole world. If possible, I plan to coordinate with other manufacturing firms in giving free alternative medications to the countries who are in dire need of medications to promote a healthy environment for their children. With further research and with the help of colleagues, we can help discover new ways to treat cancer. We can team up with doctors and biomedical engineers in designing this one-of-a-kind discovery. Soon after, we can help in the aid of treating cancer, and eventually leading to its prevention. Since we are immersed clinically, we are able to observe and rationalize for ourselves what the needs of the people for this specific time are. At the same time, it helps us to predict whatever it is that we need to accomplish in order for us to prevent certain dilemmas. Having those management courses would also help us to be more aware and careful of the lines that may be drawn while trying to accomplish the desired goals. What you have read may sound too good to be true, but with all the knowledge that we have acquired in the program, anything is possible.

Password Management Protocol Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Password Management Protocol - Assignment Example Information Technology infrastructure can be protected through diverse authentication techniques such as username and password combination, biometric fingerprint or hand scanning recognition or usage of smartcards for identification. After proper authentication, the next step is to identify the number/level of operations the logged in person can perform (access control/level). This function can be performed by developed Access Control Mechanism (ACM) with help of identified Access Control List (ACL) or Access Control database. It is pertinent to mention here that the human involvement is the weakest factor for secure systems developed with appropriate information security standards. Microsoft Outlook has its own Password Management Protocol that allows users to login the MS Outlook after providing the correct password. It stores usernames and the password associated with it, on the Microsoft Exchange Server as well as client’s personal computer. One of the major weaknesses of password management protocol of MS Outlook is that its password can easily be hacked by a plenty of software available over the internet through password secured Personal Storage Files (*.pst file) used by MS Outlook. All passwords could be recovered easily and instantly, despite of the password’s length. ... Furthermore, the protocol also allows similar and shared passwords to apply on MS Outlook account. This enhances vulnerability of password broken into the MS Outlook account through guess. References Lowe, Gavin. 2004. Analysing protocols subject to guessing attacks. Journal of Computer Security. Bloomberg, L., Paul. 2010. Passwords security protocols. Available at: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/service-oriented/passwords-security-protocols-cost-more-than-they-save-says-microsoft-researcher/4492 [Accessed 14 July 2012] Informer, I., Technologies. 2012. Microsoft Outlook Password Management Protocol Software. Available at: http://microsoft1.software.informer.com/download-microsoft-outlook-password-management-protocol/ [Accessed 14 July 2012] Generally, Byzantine Agreement is fundamental problem in distributed computing that engages a structure of n processes from which t number of processes may possibly be faulty. The faulty processes are a collection of processes that include from simple crashed processes to the processes which also misleads the good processes into disagreement. The proper processes need to concur on a binary value propelled by a spreader that is from the n processes. If the spreader propels the identical value to all processes, subsequently each accurate process has to agree on the spread value and in either case the processes have to agree on some value. More unambiguously, Byzantine Agreement is accomplished only after fulfilling the following conditions: i. All appropriately working processes agree on the same value, and ii. If the transmitter functions accurately, afterward each and every accurately functioning process agrees on its value. The transmitters

Research paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research paper - Assignment Example 5. Charles was a legendary famous American musician who was later referred to as â€Å"American original†, due to his combination of church music with American popular traditions with European Art music. He was among the early composers of experimental music systematic program. He is dubbed amongst America great composers and one of most prominent artists of his time. He also won various awards like Pulitzer Prize for his third symphony in 1947. 12. After graduating from Yale University, Ives worked as an insurance clerk. Alongside insurance work, he composed songs until retirement due to bad health. He later became a successful businessperson after starting his own insurance firm. 14. The first radical music work of 20th century-He composed two symphonies. â€Å"The Unanswered Question†- was written with unusual combination of four fruits, trumpet and string quartet. New England writers influenced it. The Concord Sonata- It was one of his remarkable pieces. He started to work on it in 1911 and completed in 1915. The piece was not published until 1920 and a revised version appeared in 1947. The piece contains one of Charles

Aviation Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aviation Safety - Essay Example However, various factors interfere with the required level of a pilot’s concentration. First, these pilots face irregular schedules from day to day. The schedules are also intensive in terms of the work involved, which makes it hard to get adequate time to relax their body and mind. Consequently, they succumb to strenuous physical and mental conditions, which hinder them from maintaining aviation safety. They, for example, may fail to get enough sleep, thus getting overwhelmed when flying the plane. This can cause the pilot to lose control of the plane, leading to an airplane crash. Fatigue, also poses a considerable threat to aviation safety. It minimizes the pilot’s ability to maintain normal functions, either mentally or physically. They tend to be short of strength, which leads to a mental dysfunction. The pilot, for example, fails to think clearly, as fatigue leads to loss of alertness, which forces the pilot to pose a safety threat (Ferguson & Nelson, 158-159). This relates to the ability of a pilot to perceive him, as well as the aircraft with respect to the changes in the environment. These changes in the environment could have the potential of causing a threat to the entire crew, hence the ability to detect the threat, and take appropriate measures matters greatly. A change in the weather conditions, for example, may pose a risk that needs immediate attention to avert the danger. A lack of situational awareness results in poor decision-making, thus hampering aviation safety. Factors that hinder pilots and their crew from maintaining a proper situational awareness include; stress, which could be physical, social or psychological. In addition, complacency because of being overconfident with the process can also lead to major accidents. Distractions, confusion, as well as ignorance of the established procedures can also be a major cause. In

Womans Triple Role Within The Family Sociology Essay

Womans Triple Role Within The Family Sociology Essay Work and family are central part of family life and society. All over the world, women and children are entering and staying in the workforce in greater numbers than before and Mauritius is no exception. Despite the cultural norms and traditions, most women work outside the family to maintain a certain quality of life. For some, work can be a source of employment and creative opportunity as well as income. For others it is a personal satisfaction, status and for integration. Traditional family structures have prevented women from enjoying meaningful work experiences. Their labour was mostly confined to their home and family rather than enjoying the rewards of paid employment. Thus, womens primary responsibilities were childcare, the preparation of food and clothing for the family and general household tasks. But nowadays, with the changing social and economic forces, there has been a dramatic increase in womens labour force participation rate. The factors which has lead a greater proportion of women in Mauritius in paid employment are due to educational opportunities and it has become socially acceptable for married women to work. Modern age womens tasks have been facilitated with the provisions of child-care services and labour saving electrical devices in the home. However, all these have not lessened the burden of inequality within the family. Even the World Bank (2001) report states that gender inequality in various forms is still prevalent around the world. 1.2 Womans triple role within the family Women play a very important role within the family and the society. They are the pillar of the house and they play a crucial role in sustaining the family. They have to take charge of the order, the matter and the health of all the family. Thus, Women are associated with the triple roles of reproductive, productive and community. In the same context, Dunscombe and Marsden (1995) parted that women in paid employment bear the burden of working a triple shift. In addition to their paid employment, they are engaged in domestic and emotion work and mother in a male dominated society. Even though they go out to work in order to contribute to the family budget, they still have to take care of the household which, most of time are inequitably shared. 1.3 Changing functions of the family Modernisation and industrialisation have brought about the breakdown of the extended family to the emergence of the nuclear family, where family are more independent and there is less contact with kins. Nowadays, another form of family which is becoming very popular with the rising rate of divorce is the single-parent family. The past two- decades have brought a great increase in the number of families with responsibilities both at work and at home. Nowadays, single-parents, working women and dual-earner couples are heavily involved in parenting (Carnier et al., 2004). Therefore, today families are stressed by the pressure of work, family and community demands. It is argued that the family in industrial society is losing many of its functions. Sociologist Ronald Fletcher (2000) claims that, the familys functions have increased in detail and importance. The role of the family has changed from a producer to a consumer. Goods and services are increasingly being bought and consumed houses, cars, furniture and education. Hence, the highly materialistic world demands that both husband and wife go out to work. The controversy is that women would then contribute to the family budget while men would not contribute to the household work. The result is that less time is spent in the family. At times, children are unattended and social problems crop up leading to instability and turbulence in the family. 1.4 Changing status of women across times There has been a gradual improvement in the status of women. They have achieved more political equality with men and they have equal rights in education. Most types of job are suitable for women today. Equal opportunity act has helped discard discrimination. The Economic Miracle of Mauritius is largely dependent on the growth of the manufacturing sector which was introduced in 1970s. It has been the main engine of economic development in Mauritius and has absorbed large numbers of unemployed labour. The traditional women who were uneducated represented an important pool of labour for the industrialists. The new economic leverage has welcomed the earning of second salary amidst the family. Everyone at all levels of society is becoming aware of the stress families face these days so as to struggle to balance their responsibilities at home and at work. Too often families have to choose between the demands of work and family, elderly parents and relatives. In Mauritius the two demographic trends in the increase participation rates for working mothers and dual-career couples have a profound effect on the spheres of work and family. It is generally recognized that the extensive pressure arising from work environment and from family environment can produce high-levels of work-family conflict for many employees. Development is good for any country but at the same time it has added extra burden on women particularly balancing the conflicting demands of family life and career. 1.5 Functionalist perspectives on work and family According to functionalist, family are living in a post modern way of living which is very good for the society as they prefer not to have children because of their career and some prefer to stay-single and they are going according to the needs of the society. P and B Bergers argue that the bourgeois family already teaches children what the society want that is, strict moral values and value economic success. E.Leach (1996) argues that the Nuclear family is stressed. They are exploited by the capitalist and they are alienated; they work because they have no choice. Family are nowadays privatized, they do not want people to know what is happening in their yard. Parents also inculcate fear and suspicious in children that they fear to revolt with the actual system. 1.6 Problem statement According to the Honourable   Ã‚  Minister of Gender Equality, Child Development and Family Welfare, in a workshop on A sensitisation programme on strengthening Family ties organised in 19 May 2007, the Mauritian society is being affected by the ageing population, changes in the structure of the family and the erosion of family values. She rightly pointed out that the family has an important role to play in terms of addressing the emotional, material, social and economic needs of its members. It is principally through the family that social values and knowledge are transmitted from generation to generation and hence this reinforces the social fabrics. Like any other country, the Mauritians Government is playing an important role in trying to maintain the balance between work and family life. If the family is stable, this will have a direct impact on the society and hence on the country. On one hand, the family life in Mauritius is being eroded in the face of the demands of work and increasingly long hours in at work. Practically, many members of the Mauritian family return home after work at different times and the traditional family meals that were customary in the past, are now reserved for weekends. Many parents strive to find time to spend with their children during the working week. The twin pressures of work and family life are raising stress levels within the home and creating much pressure. Parents are struggling to fit all their chores into shorter time frames because of lack of time. Due, to the constraint of time imposed by work schedule, various social problems have cropped up. There is increasing divorce rate (0.47 per 1000 people) and children are having recourse to drug, alcohol and cigarette smoking. On the other hand, despite the so called equality of sexes advocated by feminists, it is seen that the responsibility of looking after the family relies mostly on women. Hence, housework and looking after children remain predominantly womens work. Womens works have been marginalised throughout the history. Women are more likely to concentrate on their work than family. Therefore, family being an important institution it is very important to know what is causing the breakdown of the family, how children are able cope with it and its negative effects on children especially adolescents. 1.7 Research aim and objectives This project aims to make an assessment as to whether the impact of the relationship between work and the situation of children within the modern family really affects children and does work leads to the breakdown of the family. Thus, the objectives of this study are to: Probe into different occupational sectors in Mauritius to measure the impact of work on family life balance; To see whether women are able to handle their triple role within the modern family; To see whether the notion of family being functional in the society as advocated by functionalist really stand in the Mauritian society, To see whether children belonging the middle class family or upper class family who are more affected; Find out respondents views on does social problems like Juvenile Delinquencies are occurring due to lack of supervision of parents in the modern family; and Propose findings and solutions. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.0 WOMEN AND THE FAMILY 2.1 Introduction This part opens up with: The family acts as a primary socialization of children whereby the child first learns the basic values and norms of the culture they will grow up in. A child needs to be carefully nurtured, cherished and moulded into responsible individuals with good values and strong ethics. Therefore, it is important to provide them the best childcare so that they grow up to be physically, mentally and emotionally strong individuals. 2.1.1 Definition of the Family According to Sociologists, the family is an intimate domestic group of people related to one another by bonds of blood, sexual mating, or legal ties. It has been a very resilient social unit that has survived and adapted through time. So, the element of time referred to above, is again present here. Similarly, The United States Census Bureau (2007) defines the family as a relatively permanent group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage or adoption and who live under the same roof. Stephen (1999) defines the family as a social arrangement based on marriage including recognition of rights and duties of parenthood, common residence for husband, wife and children are reciprocal economic obligations between husband and wife. Similarly, The United States Census Bureau (2007) defines the family as a relatively permanent group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage or adoption and who live under the same roof. The family is seen as the main pillar block of a community; family structure and upbringing influence the social character and personality of any given society. Family is where everybody learns to love, to care, to be compassionate, to be ethical, to be honest, to be fair, to have common sense, to use reasoning etc., values which are essential for living in a community. Yet, there are ongoing debates that families values are in decline. George Peter Murdock (1949) defines the family as a universal institution. According to him, the family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic corporation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children owned or adopted of the sexually cohabiting adults. However, K. Gough (1959) criticises Murdock definition and argues that the family is not universal. The critics were founded in the Nayar society. 2.1.2 Women and the Family The main role of women according to John Bowlby (1953) is particularly to act as mothers and as such their places are at home to take care of their children in their tender age. He states that juvenile delinquencies among young children are the result of psychological separation from mothers. The mental stability of children rests solely on their mothers. Therefore there is a need for a close and intimate mother and child relationship. However, Oakley (1974) uses the example of Alor, an island in Indonesia to refute Bowlby statement. In small-scale horticultural societies, women are not tied to their offspring, and there is no apparent side effect to it. Moreover, she does not see the intimate and close relationship necessary. Research has proved that mothers return to work after childbirth and that the children of working mothers are less likely to be delinquent than non-working mothers. Crouch (1999) describes the benefits gained by wives and mothers as the mid century social compromise. Duncan et al. (1998) argue that women who define themselves as primarily mothers are located at all points on the social spectrum. Patricia Day Hookoomsing (2002) states that, plans and projects are designed and implemented by men. It is assumed that if men as heads of the family will reap the benefit from projects designed, automatically women and children will benefit. 2.1.3 The Darker Side of the Family / Erosion of Family Life Earlier in this review of literature, it is shown that the family is warm and supportive. However, many writers have questioned the darker side of the family. The fact that women spend most of their time either at work or doing household chores can lead to emotional stress in the family. The twentieth century family is mostly nucleus and thus children at times feel isolated and lacking the support of their extended kins: grandparents, aunts, cousins etc. They become introvert and their stress level rise to such an extent that when explosion occurs, it can have dramatic results. This may lead to violence, psychological damage, mental illness, drug intake, crime etc. The breakdown of children may lead to quarrel between parents. In the long run, marriages may fail and consequently lead to divorce. Incidence that may appear trivial can blow out of proportions and cause drastic consequence within the family. The mass media is increasingly bringing to people attention the sexual, physical and emotional abuse of children through neglect. Similarly, The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (2000) parts that around 10% of children suffering from serious abuse or neglect at home by natural parents. 2.1.4 Conception about Family and Work Families and work have often been illustrated as separate entities, with women being linked to the home and men to the workplace. This separation unfortunately emanated by the sociology of the family being carried out as a separate domain from the sociology of work and occupations. However this assumption does not stand good in view of the increased participation of married women in the workplace. Early work by Rhona Raraport and Robert N. Raraport (1969) on dual-career families has talked about the benefits and strains of families with dual-earners. There are, however, many questions still to be answered concerning the interaction of family and work. Harkness and Waldfogel (1999) advocate that the formation of a family touches mostly female rather than male labour force behaviour. The withdrawal from labour after childbirth may lead to a depreciation of human capital. This may affect career commitment to employers and affect career progression. There are changes in family arrangements which prompt changes in production arrangements (Zaretsky 1976). Consumption was favoured to production within the household. Market relation became overruled by a capitalist market society and instead of economy being embedded in social relations, social relations are embedded in the economic system (Polanyi 1957). Dapne Johnson (1982) relates that the hours of work and schooling are organized at such time that it has become difficult to single-parent and dual-worker family. Moreover, school holidays add up to the problems of who will look after the child. Full-time married or cohabiting women generally have less time for leisure, as they are often expected to do two jobs their paid work and unpaid housework inside the family, Ken Brown (2008). 2.2.0 PART II WOMEN AND WORK 2.2.1 Definition of Work According to Ken Brown (2008), work is the production of goods and services that usually earns a wage or salary or provides other rewards. The work may be effected in the formal or informal economy. He argues that work is an important element in occupying, directing and structuring the individuals time the demands of working life involve a high degree of self discipline if jobs are to be kept. It is, for most people, the single biggest commitment of time in any week, and it is perhaps one of the most important experiences affecting peoples entire lives. Work affects the amount of time and money available for family life. Pauline Wilson and Allan Kidd (1998) refer to work as a distinctive and clear cut activity. Work refers to the job or occupation undertaken. Work is both the place where one goes in order to do ones job and the activity that ones does. Sociologies increasingly recognise however that it is not easy to define work. The definitions concentrate solely on paid employment and are too narrow. Keith Grint (1991) also states the same thing and even presents a number of definitions to prove what he says:- Work can be seen as that which ensures individual and societal survival by engaging in nature. The problem is that many activities which cannot be seen are often regarded as work. Work cannot be defined simply as employment. Activities in which people are employed are also performed by people who are not employed. Examples include washing, ironing. Work cannot be defined as something which can be done whether it is liked or not. Work can finally not be seen as non-leisure activities. Activities may be leisure for some but work for others. Work and leisure would be hard to separate if it goes together. The changing nature of workforce and the increasing proportion of employees with family responsibilities suggest that employees, especially working women might demand more family-friendly benefits or policies to assist them in dealing with family demand beyond their paid work (Hon 2002; Hin, 2001; Yu, 1999). The societal and economic changes brought about by womens increasing participation in the paid workforce have placed pressure on Governments to legislate on work-family benefits and organization to provide them. 2.2.2 Reasons for working in paid employment Women work in paid employment for a number of reasons. These are as follows: Job satisfaction Money Company and friendship Status and identity To get out of the home and feel free To be independent 2.2.3 The Impact of Development on women and their participation in different sectors Women account for an increasing proportion of the workforce and today more women are resuming work after having children than 2 decades ago. Despite various legislations in favour of women, womens and mens positions on the labour market remain different. Hakim (2000) stated that contemporary changes in womens employment arose mainly because of the difference which arose out of work choices. The author states that there are three categories of women: home/family centred, work centred and adaptive drifters. Home centred women give priority to their families, work centred women give priority to their employment careers, and adaptive women shift their priorities between family and career over their life cycles. Because the proportion of home centred and work centred individuals is higher amongst women than men, womens employment patterns are different. The EPZ sector has profound impacts upon the structure of the Mauritian Society. Industrialization has enable women to take a much active role in society. The traditional house wives were liberated to go out to work. Men were no more the sole breadwinners in the house. Thousands of women left their houses and took employment in factories. This new economic leverage of women had beneficial effect and raised their standard of living. The docile dependent housewife thus was transformed into an independent income earner. 2.3.0 PART II- WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT 2.3.1 Defining work-family conflict Work and family represent two spheres in adults social life. Howard (2008) in summarizing the definition put forth by prior scholars (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985; Boyar, Maertz, Pearson, Keough, 2003) conceptualized work-family conflict as a type of interrole conflict where both work and family issues exert pressures on individual. Greenhaus and Beutell (1985, as cited in Dealen Willemsen Sanders, 2006) also define WFC as conflict in which the role pressure from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect. Just like (Greenhaus, 2002) has said that WFC is bio-directional it thus, create conflict where compliance with family matters the difficulty of complying with work matters. Conflict is understood to arise when an individual has to perform multiple roles such as worker, spouse and parents. Each of these roles imposes demands of their incumbents, requiring time, energy and commitment. Conflict occurs when the demands from one of these domains (home, work, personal and family) interferes with each other and causes imbalance (Frone et al.,1992, 1997). In todays hectic society, home and work are two colliding forces (Greenhaus and Powell, 2003) that has often lead to an imbalance, where women lives to achieve fulfillment and satisfaction (Auster, 2001,Chalofsky,2003). Moreover, (Zedeck,1992) also suggests that a persons work experience influence his or her behavior at home, influencing basic behaviors towards self and family members. WFC has also been shown to be related to negative work outcomes such as job dissatisfaction, job burnout and turnover (Greenhaus, Parasuraman Collins, 2001,Howard, Donofrio Boles, 2004), as well as to outcomes related to psychological distress and marital dissatisfaction (Kinnuen Mauno 1998,Aryee et al.,1999) 2.3.2 Types of work-family conflict Greenhaus and Beutell (1985) identified three major types of work-family conflict: Time-based, Strain-based and Behavior-based conflict Time-based conflict occurs when time devoted to one role makes it difficult to participate in another for example, when mothers have to do overtime at work with little notice might make it difficult for them to meet family obligations, like picking up children from school. Time-based conflict, is also the most common types of work-family conflict when multiple roles reduce the time energy available to meet all role demands, thus creating strain (Goode,1960) and WFC (Marks,1977). Strain-based conflict arises when strain or fatigue is experienced in one role and therefore, hinders performance or exploits resources which would be otherwise available for another role (Bryon,2005; Carlson,1999 as cited in Mauno, Kinnunen Ruokolainen,2006). For instance, negative emotional reactions to workplace stresses may lead to expression of irritability towards family members or withdrawal from family interaction in order to recuperate (ODriscall,1999 as cited in Jones, Burke Westman,2006) Behavior-based conflict occurs when specific behaviors required in one role are incompatible with behavior expectations in another role (Carlson et al., 2000). It has been suggested for example, that the male managerial stereotype emphasize self-reliance, emotional stability, aggressiveness and objectivity (Schein, 1973). Family members may thus, expect a person to be warm, nurturing and vulnerable in his interaction with them. (Carlson et al., 2000) also argue that another form of work/ family conflict is the Worry-based conflict in modern industrial society. On the other hand, increasing living cost, marital distress and parental stress may erode the stability of the family life (Lu, in press), causing worries which interfere with work. (Carlson et al., 2000) thus, defined worry-based conflict in terms of pervasive and generalized worries experienced in one role into and interfering with participation in another role. In a study, Fu and Shaffer (2001) identified several family and work specific determinants of FWC and WFC conflict, respectively. Testing these across the three forms of conflict-time, strain, behavior-based they found that the family- specific variables were only effective in predicting time-based FWC conflict. As a group, the work-specific variables had much stronger effects and role conflict, role overload and hours spent on paid work were especially influential in explaining both time-based and strain-based forms of WFC conflict. Family conflicts were to be strong risk factor for the onset of elevated need for necessary need for recovery from work and fatigue. 2.4.0 CAUSES OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT 2.4.1 Hours of work Time is an important aspect that has been associated with work-family. As time is a limited resource (Frone et al., 1997b) argues that working more hours means that the employee is at work for more hours and may have more work duties and has less time for other activities. Hence, work hours have been consistently, linked to difficulties in balancing work and personal lives (Mohen andYu, 2000; Guerts et al., 1999; Batt and Valcour, 2003; Tausing and Fenwick, 2001). Time pressure can be measured by the number of hours worked. Arora et als,.1990 study (cited by Kim Ling, 2001) examined the effect of the time pressure on WFC of women entrepreneur and the majority of the women entrepreneurs agreed that their long hours deprived them of the time they would have liked t spend with their families. Long hours of work may also relate to parents feelings of time inadequacy with children. However, regardless of hours spent or the kinds of activities engaged in with children, because of the intense conflict or spillover between worker and parent roles. Employment makes parent less able to be spontaneously available and make them miss certain events that are scheduled during work times (Milkie Peltola, 1999). Moreover, children may also notice when parents bring conflict work conflicts home, and may feel that parents pre-occupation ith work makes them less psychologically accessible (Galinsky, 1999). Reynolds and Aletraris (2005) conducted a research on work hours and work-family issues by examining whether WFC is associated with a desire for more or fewer hours of work and whether the relationship is moderated by age of children is the home. Their survey revealed that family-to-work conflict doesnot makes people to change their work hours. Work-to-family conflict however, is associated with a desire to fewer hours of work. They also find out that work-to-family conflict is more likely to make women want fewer hours when there is a young child at home. Moreover, Barnett (2004) in a study of work hours as predictor of stress outcomes, it was mentioned that long hours of work is associated with: High experienced job demand, High emotional exhaustion, High marital tension and High work-family conflict In a research published in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (vol.5,No,1,2002), Gerzywacz and Nadine Marks found that employees who work more than 45 hours a week report more work-to-family conflict. However, participants who work less than 20 hours per week were less likely to report that their work benefited their family life. On the contrary Ganster and Bates (2003) conducted a study on the effect of the number of hours worked on WFC and general well-being. They found that work hours had no significant associations with job stress and WFC. Similarly the findings of Haar (2001) indicate that the number of hours worked, as a conflict source, may not be the current work demands of organizations, families are now more forgiving of the time burden associated with working long hours. 2.4.2 Dual-earner family The dual-career phenomenon has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. For couples juggling multiple demands, this lifestyle often generates stressors and strains at home and at work, which can have negative consequences for organizations (Elloy Smith, 2004). On one hand, in dual-earner families husband are more likely to care for children when their wives are at work during non regular shifts (Presser, 1988). On the other hand women who earn more are likely to hire domestic help, since their time is more valuable (Goldscheider and waite, 1991). (Elloy and smith 2004) study, based on data from an Australian sample of 62 Lawyers and accountants, analyzed the antecedents of WFC among dual-earner couples. The results confirm that overload, role conflict significantly effect WFC. Similarly Flosehan and Gillbert, 1979 study (cited in Kim Ling, 2001) on dual career couples found a positive relationship between the number of hours worked and job spouse conflict as well as job-parent conflict. Moreover, Voydanoff (1994) interviewed married dual-earner parents of children age 10-17 from the 1992-1997 National Survey Children of Families and Households to examine relationships between work and community resources and family demands. In this study, marital quality was conceptualized in three dimensions: activities with spouse, marital disagreements and marital happiness. The problem is therefore, one of overworked couples rather than overworked individuals. 2.4.3 Work overload Major et al., (2002) suggest that overload occurs when the perceived magnitude of work overwhelms an individuals perceived ability to cope. An empirical evidence suggests that the growing sense of overwork in the United States is relates to the increases in the working hours of couples (Clarkberg and Mohen, 2001; Jacobs and Gerson, 2000). Since, women perform a larger share of household labour than men (Coltrane, 2000), family responsibilities should be more likely to create a desire for fewer hours among women than men. On one hand, Godbey (1977) argued that Americans had not increased the amount of time devoted to work, but that the pace of their lives had quickened, with the results that many felt overworked. On the other hand, Hochschild (1977) argued that for many workers, work had become home and home had become work with the result that worker were putting in increasingly long hours in the workplace as a way to avoid family time. Lu, Gilmour Kao and Huang (2006) have conducted a cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict and well-being outcomes and to contrast employees from individualistic (UK) and a collectivist (Taiwan) society. Their findings show that work demands such as hours of work and work load were positively related to WFC, whereas family demands were positively related to family work conflict. Both WFC and FWC were negatively related to well being (job satisfaction and life satisfaction) for employees in the two countries. More important findings was that for British, there was a stronger positive relation between workload and WFC,

The Quarrel About Historical Explanation :: essays research papers

The Quarrel About Historical Explanation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The discussion of the philosophical question of historical explanation is in reality a disagreement concerning the nature of the philosophic method.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are primarily two sides taken in this argument, those who agree with Carl Hempel and those that do not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Hempel a historical event is only sufficiently explained when it logically fits a set of confirmed pre-existing conditions along with some universal laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly all things cannot easily be assigned to rules and laws. Political coups, assassinations and revolutions are too complex for such a rigid explanation. And who is to say what perquisites there are for situations. Certainly there is no one who can predict every instance of a given event, there are just too many variables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hempel then notes that Historians are seldom able to stick to his procedure and at best can only make an explanation sketch. Hempel seems to be saying then, that the majority of explanations surrounding historical events are inadequate and incomplete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main divisions of anti-Hempelians. There are those that agree with Hempel to the point that there are rules and general laws that can be followed, but a historian's explanation is adequate if all he can provide is a sketch. The second group states that the general laws are not necessary and as long as the explanation provides an understandable narrative, it is complete. The final group believes that only one condition is necessary, and if more information is needed, one only needs to elaborate on that one condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hempelians and the anti-Hempelians both have common ground. They are both engaged in the philosophy of history, but this is where the agreement stops for even the groups starting points are different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hempelians give their explanations to answer the question of why something happened. Their objective is to replace curiosity with understanding. For this to happen both the laws and general rules given must logically agree. In other words you must be able to deduce the answer after given the laws and rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would not be enough for a Hempelian to hear that conditions led up to an event. He must know himself that these conditions are causes, and he'll know this only if the conditions are widely known or confirmed causes of said event. These conditions must not only be confirmed but true or the explanation would merely be an exercise in futility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anti-Hempelian's problem with all of this is summarized in that historians do not use such methods to do their explaining, even if they did an explanation may not result, and finally historians are doing a very fine job

Aztecs Incas and Spanish Empires

During the creation of the Spanish empire, very many native tribes were destroyed.   They destroyed the people alongside their culture and in the case of the Incas and the Aztecs tried to eliminate every trace of these people because they were pagans.The first attraction they had to these peoples lives were the treasure that they possessed.   The Spaniards lusted after these treasures and this led them to conquer various groups of people so that they may own what they had.   All these people were civilized when the Spaniards met them but were non -Christians.   The Spaniards greed and their devotion to Christianity let the led them to wipe out any trace of those civilizations and especially that of the Incas who were completely annihilated but some Aztecs are still around the maintain their culture.The Aztec civilization started off as far back as the 12th and 13th century AD.   They migrated to the valley of Mexico around this time under the leadership of their chief named Tenoch.   Their god was Huitzilopochtli and he was the one who instructed the chief to lead to Aztec people to the valley of Mexico. They were to go Lake Texcoco and inhabit an island that was to be found there.They were to build a city there and name it Tenochtitlan also as to hour their and they did this.   This city later became their capital city once they formed an empire.   The valley of Mexico therefore became the centre of their civilization since the capital city was based there.Once they established the city, they were supposed to provide gifts to their god in form of human sacrifices. By the time they arrived in the swampy areas, they were destitute who were hired, poor and with no wealth or means to survival.To make matters worse, they inhabited a swamp in a lake that was seen by others to be a waste that would not produce anything.   Due to the hardships that they faced, they were forced to use all means to get nutrition for themselves.   This meant they stol e food from their neighbours used snakes and vermin for their meals and this did not in any way endear them to their neighbors.This intense dislike by their neighbours was compounded by their practice of offering human sacrifices to their god Huitzilopochtli.   They were therefore segregated and no one wanted to be associated with them.   With so many odds against them and with no help, they had to come up with a way of improving their lives.They built mud and batch houses in the swamp supported by strong poles.   They then transformed the uninhabitable land into a fertile productive land that provided them with more than enough through their mode of agriculture called chinampas. The city of Tenochtitlan grew and by using skilled craftsmen and common laborers, it expanded more.There was need to gain respect from the neighbours and therefore in 1376, Acamapichli was made emperor because he was related to the last rulers of Culhuacan and also the Quetzalcoatl who was a great Tol tec ruler.   In the 15th century, the tribe grew into a strong and disciplined military force and they formed the Triple Alliance with Texcoco and the Tacuba.They conquered around 38 provinces which paid taxes to Tenochtitlan by the time the empire ended in 1520.   The Spaniards were able to conquer them easily because some of the boarder provinces maintained their independence.Montezuma who was the ruler, than thought that Cortez the Spanish captain was a god returning.   He therefore offered golden presents which ignited Cortez’s lust for wealth.   The Aztecan priests tried to worn Montezuma but he did not heed their warning. The Spaniards conquered the Aztecs and wiped out traces of their existence and civilization because they were Catholics.   However, some survived and have maintained their culture up to date.In 1527, Bartolome Ruiz on board his ship met a raft filled with expensive ornaments and textiles and realized need to establish contact with those who o wned the treasure.   He left 3 men to become translators.   Francisco Pizarro was the leader of the group.   He and his men spent the winter in an uninhabited island and many died before spring.   From here they met therapist Inca city Tumbes where they found out that, these people were very wealthy and highly civilized.   Francisco then managed to convince the royal court in 15 months, the need to conquer the Incas and his idea was supported by Cortez, the â€Å"conquer† of the Aztecs.Francisco and his men left Spain in January 1530 and marched his men along the Ecuador coast which was full of hardships and tightened their journey. While in the northern part of Peru, they established san Miguel which is near Piura.   In September 1532, they attacked the Inca and were lucky to have some events precipitate their attack.Although their number was little, they found divisions caused by civil war by factions aligning themselves to either of two sons of the dead ruler.à ‚   Atahualpa who ruled the northern half of empire won but the Cuzco the capital city supported the other brother.   Since the Spaniards entered Inca from the north, they first met Atahualpa in his territory.Atahualpa was attracted by the Spaniards horses and did not consider them to be any threat. He was invited by Pizarro to pay him a visit where he was based in Cajamarca. Atahualpa went on this visit with the intention of capturing the Spaniards but Pizarro had the same intention concerning him. It is in this place that the Indians were massacred.Pizarro’s priest met them and explained the Christian doctrines to Atahualpa who did not heed them and instead threw the priests prayer book on to the ground. The priest was infuriated and it was on this pretext that the Spaniards attacked the Indians. They made it seem as if this was the reason but it had been an ambush that was clearly planned.On this day, thousands of Indians died yet none of the Spaniards was hurt apart fro m a cut on Pizarro’s hand.   He intended to use Atahualpa to rule the Incas just as Cortes had done with the Aztecs so he made sure he did not die. He instead held him prisoner and this led to the Incas proposal to pay ransom for his release.They offered to give a room full pf gold and this was to take them two months to do. This was to the advantage of Pizarro because he could now get additional troops from Spain. In March 1533, the artifacts from the temples started being melted down and this took around three months.During this time, Diego de Almago arrived with troops in April the Spaniards did not release Atahualpa and instead charged him with treason in July the same year and was sentenced to die by being burned alive. Before his death, they managed to convert him to a Christian and his sentence was ‘reduced’ to die by garrote.Through the destruction of artifacts and the killing of the rulers, the Spaniards ensured that the Incas of Peru were completely f orgotten by the rest of society. They had nothing to show for the great civilization that they had been. Their empire was destroyed completely and up to date there is little to show for their existence.Reference1. History of the Incas a Glimpse of Inca Treasure: AD 1527-1532 24TH September 2007

Physical Education Websites

Physical Education Websites Free Online Research Papers www.internetclass.com/health.html This website has a lot to offer. It have a lot of different topics outlined. One topic that really stands out to me would be â€Å"A Puff Doesn’t Make You Cool Stuff†. This website talk about young children and why they should not use tobacco. I would use this in my curriculum to try and show the children that smoking really is not cool. The children will create a survey on tobacco use in school between females and males. When doing this survey in my class I would have other website and use information on why smoking is not cool and why they should not do it. http://kidshealth.org,kids/talk/index.html This website had a couple of different categories. The category Staying Healthy had a sub category that’s called Keeping Fit and Having Fun. Children love to learn when they are having fun. I really like this sub category because it covers children playing sports and what they need to do to stay healthy and fit. It also help the children with the do’s and don’t of receiving a sport injury. From this website I would try and do a lesson on kids Health Problems. Children need to know what might happen to their body if they don’t treat it right. Shaun T’s Fit Kids Club web address www.beachbody.com This website sells DVD for children. The DVD is a workout DVD that helps children stay fit. This DVD is something that the children will talk about for days. He teaches the children how to stay fit through dance. Not only does he teach the children a dance exercise routine he also shows the children how to prepare healthy snacks. I would buy this DVD for my class. First I would sent a permission slip home for all the children to get sign before we complete the dance routine. The first day would be for viewing a part of the exercise and then going over it with the class. We will do this everyday until we get to the end of the show. The last day of the class we will try and prepare one of his healthy snack for all the children to enjoy. ABC Home Preschool website www.abcpreschool.com This is a website with different activities for the children. Most of the activities I would try and put into my lesson plan for the children to do. The games have different exercise points that will help the children. Balloon Toss is a activity that lets the children practice there throwing or tossing skills. Where Block Bowling have the children thinking and using there eye-hand coordination. Stress Management website http://stress.about.com/od/studentsstress.htm This website is designed to help students control there stress in school. School can be very stressful with peer pressure and students trying hard to fit in. I would go over every step mentioned on this website with my class. I would ask the class different methods they would use to control stress. The first step mentioned which is Time Management is a key factor in a less stressful student. Research Papers on Physical Education WebsitesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Coaching essays

Coaching essays A coach receives little to no respect because it is hard to understand what it is a coach goes through everyday. One must only understand the barriers, obstacles, or blind spots that are in the way that hide the answers from view. This is where coaches and coaching comes in. With their assistance, knowledge, and encouragement, athletes can overcome these problems on a playing field, in a gym, or even in everyday life. In effect, they also act as counselors. Once these skills are mastered, a coach can teach kids to handle lifes pressures and give them the confidence, which helps not only in practices and game situations, but also in the game of life. In todays world of high school sports, being a coach can be complicated in comparison to earlier years. For example, years ago, Coaches had limited types of plays, as said in an interview by Adna basketball coach Jeff Beasley, not like now where most sports such as football or basketball have over twenty plays with many variations (Beasley). As time went on, more coaches started seeing greater possibilities due to more young people becoming athletes as well as minorities becoming integrated into sports, making for these possibilities. Minorities also added more excitement with their style of play. Other changes have occurred. This includes player abuse, both verbally and physically. The level of abuse has changed over the years. Coaches have to be very careful in how they talk to their players these days, and also how they touch a player because of the potential of misunderstandings between coach and player (Beasley). The consequences of a misunderstanding can be a lawsuit. Coaches have many factors in controlling a team. Coaching supports individuals by helping them become more productive and successful as found on the internet site What is Coaching 1. Coaches have to discover and deal with the problems that the team or an individua...

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nursing - Essay Example The patient opened his bowels most days with a small, hard constipated result, which did not relief the abdominal pain. The patient had been unable to eat solid food, surviving only on nutritional supplement drinks and had lost one and half stone in weight. Eventually, after further investigation the patient was diagnosed with inflammation of the colon and it was decided to perform an elective surgery by performing an ileomstomy leaving the wound on the patient’s left side. After the operation on the ward, the patient was told that the colostomy would be non reversible. I inquired how he felt about it. He replied that he had felt physically and psychologically prepared for the surgery. I felt that this was a positive sign; even through the surgery resulted in him receiving a stoma. In addition the patient had a relatively smooth post-operative recovery. Diet right after surgery should consist of liquids that are high in protein. After discharged Benign discharged home after fi fteen day and then referred to the local stoma nurse for follow-up. The clinic provided the opportunity to look at alternative appliances owning to frequent leak, but a satisfactory one-pice with flange extenders was agreed which worked well What is a colostomy? A surgical procedure that creates a hole or stoma on the abdomen and brings out the end of the colon during the stoma for the reasons of stool expulsion, a colostomy bag is attached to the stoma for stool compilation. A colostomy is normally done due to problems within the colon, such as colon cancer and intestinal trauma, Patients with colostomies should consume food that prevents complications and enables the stoma to... This paper approves that Benign discharged home after fifteen day and then referred to the local stoma nurse for follow-up. The clinic provided the opportunity to look at alternative appliances owning to frequent leak, but a satisfactory one-pice with flange extenders was agreed which worked well. A surgical procedure that creates a hole or stoma on the abdomen and brings out the end of the colon during the stoma for the reasons of stool expulsion, a colostomy bag is attached to the stoma for stool compilation. A colostomy is normally done due to problems within the colon, such as colon cancer and intestinal trauma, Patients with colostomies should consume food that prevents complications and enables the stoma to heal. This essay makes a conclusion that Multidisciplinary teams are groups of professionals from different fields of medicine who come together to provide comprehensive assessment and consultation in medical cases. The multi disciplinary team were involved in the ileomstomy surgery since more than one health professional was required to assist in the operation. The MDT combines mutually individuals who have expertise in various areas of medicine and care, and typically meet as frequently as on weekly basis to talk about the diagnosis, treatment and care of individual patients. The health professionals included in the multi disciplinary team are a colon and rectal surgeon, a general surgeon, a specialized stoma therapy nurse, a gastroenterologist, a histopathologist, a dietician, an enterostomal therapist, a primary nurse, a psychologist and social workers.

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room Essay

Testing the use of the checklist in the operation room - Essay Example This study evaluated the use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, that impact of operating room briefings on coordination of care. Data were prospectively collected in the cesarean section OR with C’ section patients and the outcome of eleven cases of patients undergoing this operation was gathered and analyzed after direct observation of the OR checklist was applied . Findings suggested that in the general operation room, the checklist was used. In contrast, in the operation room of the labor department,the checklist tool was not used . To increase the probability of achieving patient safety and minimal errors when implementing the use of checklist tool, such as World Health Organization’s Surgical Safety Checklist, the integration between OR members of the different professions and teamwork must be enhanced. Key words: checklist, WHO surgical safety checklist. . Introduction and statement of the problem The nursing leadership needed to evaluate the possibility of edu cating all the healthcare professionals on the use of a safety checklist and to gain an increased awareness of the challenges and solutions connect with such an effort. The obstetric patient safety CNS at Johns Hopkins Hospital wanted to study the reasons why the OR checklist was not being used. ... It also helps to improve communication and guarantee safe and standardized procedure, by this means minimizing error. Overcoming barrier to implementation of the checklist in the OR was growing. Lack of using the checklist therefore led to the increase of the above mentioned defects. The organization started testing the checklist over a year ago and they provided information for all caregivers teams regarding their attitudes toward the use of a surgical checklist. Still not all team members related that they were aware of the checklist and its purpose and they were not using the resource. The use of the checklist did not become part of the culture of the unit. Some team members were / and are resistant to checklists. Support for use of apre-operative checklist to increase patient safety has been described. In a study by Nilsson, Lindbergt, Gupta &Vegfros (2010), staff awareness of the benefit of the use of a checklist and attitudes towards the use of a checklist improved after one ye ar. Assessment Organizational need According to JHU nursing leadership, there was a need for all OB and OR team members know each other as the research supported that this would make people more willing to speak up if they perceived a certain problem during the case. The team members also needed to have a shared mental model regarding the scope of the case and the plan of care for the patient after the case. It was viewed that most nurses did not make good use of the checklist. The use of the checklist also goes a long way in helping the nurses remember to cover all the basics. This is because not everyone has the ability to memorize all that is required. The operating rooms are highly procedural environments that require surgical teams to be very meticulous (Hayes, 2012). Clinical